Higher Industry

1. Higher Industry

2. We will be learning the following: Classifying Types of Industry Location Factors for Industry Case Study (Sambre-Meuse in Belgium) a) Location factors for original industry b) Decline of original industry c) Effects of industrial decline 4. Location factors of new industry 5. Industry on OS Maps 6. Geographical Methods and Techniques

3. Task 1: Defining Industry Industry Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Definition making a new product taking from land or sea developing new products providing a service Examples software developer teaching farming baker

4. 100% 0% Task 1: Changes In Industrial Employment Red = Secondary Blue = Quaternary Green = Tertiary Brown = Primary Employment Pre Ind. Devel. Ind. Industrial Post Ind. The graph above shows the 4 stages of industrial development from pre industrial societies, through to full blown industrial revolution societies and onto the modern post industrial societies.

5. Pre Industrial This society is dominated by primary/secondary industry. There is low level technology, so little secondary industry and a high level of automated/manual work on farms. There is a service industry to sell primary products, but this is underdeveloped. Developing Industrial Greater development of technology sees more quaternary jobs and so a decrease in primary jobs. Improved technology sees the first large factories and so increasing employment in the primary/secondary industry, meaning shops are needed and so primary/tertiary increases. Industrial This is the main secondary/tertiary phase, when production levels are at their peak, and so tertiary levels increase too. Again primary is losing out as technology replaces people and the ideas behind the technology, sees quaternary increase. Post Industrial The last stage (for the moment) sees the dominance of Tertiary and quaternary/secondary industry as services and ICT develop. Increased automation and mechanisation sees secondary and primary decline.

6. Task 2: Location Factors for Industry There are many reasons behind the location of industry, but the key thing to remember, if added together, is cost! Remember industry is a business which wants to make money!! We will only briefly look at these factors in this task, later we will look at them in more detail through a case study. They can also be seen in terms of industrial inputs and outputs as seen below. You may be asked to describe these Inputs, Processes and Outputs.

8. Raw Materials Any industry needs components or ____ materials in order to actually make something. Being as close as possible to your raw materials means you’ll reduce your _______. Transport In the olden days roads were _______ in quality and so weren’t good for moving raw materials and products about. Being by a river however meant you could move things about easily and so ___________. Rail became more popular later on in the late __________ and of course today we use our extensive road network. Labour Having a skilled labour force is important as they can help with ____________ new products, are cheaper to train and are more ______________. Being near large centres of ______________ will often ensure you have a choice of workers to employ. raw costs poor cheaply 1800’s developing productive population

9. Technology Improvements in technology mean that production levels ___________ and can mean a long term reduction in __________ costs as people are replaced by machines. Capital Building in areas which have more people with wealth and _____________ in industry are better places to build as it easier to attract investment, success breeds success. Industrial Inertia Sometimes industries locate where they have done for years despite many of the main benefits having ________________. Examples are often linked to very highly skilled workers such as in the ____________ industry in Stoke – On –Trent. The cost of training new workers elsewhere is thought to be too expensive to bother with. Markets A large market is essential as there is no point in making products which you will not be able to sell. Also being ______ to these markets is important in order to reduce ______________ costs. increase labour expertise disappeared pottery close transport

10. Power In the past power sources were ________ driven, being replaced later by _________ engines using both coal and water. It is therefore logical to be located close to these for power. Today modern industrial estates like to be in areas where there is a good supply of _______________, which generally speaking is most of mainland UK. Linkages ~ Agglomeration ~ Associated Industries Some industries locate next to others as, rather than needing raw materials they need _____________ from these industries. For example metal working factories need to be near a steel works to get there steel and reduce transport costs. Some smaller firms locate near bigger ones, which they supply, essentially locating by their ___________ e.g. ______ & panel manufacturers locate near car factories. Government Policies Some industry is attracted to an area because local or national Governments reduce their location costs. This can be done by giving rate relief, the business version of Community Tax, giving ________ for training workers, having ready built factories, cheap _______ for factories etc. water steam electricity components markets tyre grants rents

11. Case Study General & SQA Information An examiner will expect quite detailed knowledge of an industrial area in the EU, you will always be given the option of choosing an area you have studied. When we look at the first industrial growth we refer to it as original industry, just as it is in the exam. The area we will look at is found in southern Belgium (see area circled on map), bordering both France and Germany, centred around cities such as Liege & Charleroi. The area is known for its Iron & Coal industry, though like the UK, these industries have become rundown. The first iron works were built at Seraing, near Liege in 1823. We will find out about the high and low points in this industrial area.

12. Belgium

13. Sambre-Meuse Region

14. Task 3 Case Study – The Sambre-Meuse We will look at the Sambre-Meuse area of Belgium in order to look at; why industry first set up there (industrial locations factors) why it declined (change in location factors) the effects of that decline why new industry set up there (industrial location factors)

15. Decline Of Original Industry • In the Sambre–Meuse the iron/steel and coal industries started to decline after WWII. For your exam you will need to know the reasons behind this, they will either ask you about the general decline of original industry or possibly more specifically about the decline in coal. Either way revise both!! • In groups you will be given a topic and help sheet to discuss one of the following issues & report back to the rest of the class what you think; • Decline In Coal • Decline In Steel • Economic Effects Of Industrial Decline • Environmental Effects Of Industrial Decline • Social Effects Of Industrial Decline • When we have reviewed your information we will complete the work below with the help of a power point.

16. Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse The Coal Industry • People use less coal at home, relying on electricity. This can be made with coal, but doesn’t use as much. 2. Some of the pits became exhausted, ran out of coal, after years of extraction. 3. Countries such as Brazil are producing their own coal so there is a smaller market to sell to. Often this coal is cheaper and so Sambre-Meuse coal can’t compete. 4. Power generators are using different sources of fuel such as nuclear and wind, so once again there is smaller market to sell on.

17. Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse The Coal Industry Colliery Colliery 5. Heavily folded coal seams mean top layers are easy to extract, but the lower levels are very difficult to get to. It becomes inefficient to extract coal and so is therefore too expensive to mine.

18. Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse The Iron/Steel Industry 1. Countries such as S.Korea & Japan have modern factories which are more productive and automated than those in the Sambre-Meuse, so provide cheaper steel. Older works have can’t cope as well with changes in market demand. 3. As with coal there are many more countries (Brazil) selling steel so the Belgian market share has decreased. 5. The local rail and canal networks were out dated. Canals needed to be deepened and widened to help bring in the imported raw materials in bulk (cheaper). This was very expensive and took too long to do. 6. Demand for steel has also reduced as more alternatives are used like plastic, carbon fibre and aluminium. 4. Local raw material ran out increasing costs as they had to be imported and then moved inland, which was expensive. 2. One reason for this is that in the 1930’s little investment was made in Belgium steel as there was an economic depression.

19. Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse Economic Effects 1. Less business means less taxes, but more unemployment benefits are being claimed, which drains the government’s budget. Also services are run down as there’s less taxes, which means there is less money to be spent on them. 2. Housing starts to decay as both private and council owners cant afford to invest in repairs. 3.As one industry shuts it may cause others, such as its suppliers, to shut this may cause a “vicious cycle” of decline. 4. Local shops and cafes will suffer as they’ll receive money due to customers spending less as they’re unemployed, so they may lose staff or have to close.

20. Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse Environmental Effects 1. There’ll be cleaner air due less factories producing smoke and remaining ones will use electricity. 2. Derelict buildings and spoil heaps (rock from mining) create an eye sore, this is unpleasant to live in and puts off new investors to the area. 3. River Meuse and Canal Albert are heavily polluted from dumped waste. When companies close down no one to pay the bill.

21. Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse Social Effects 1. As factories close down there is an increase to unemployment and poverty levels. 2. A knock on affect is for crime rate, divorces and domestic abuse to all increase. 3. With fewer job opportunities more young, skilled workers will leave the area, decreasing the chances of new investment. With less young people schools will start to close.

22. Transport Labour Force Site Market Location Factors New Industry Services Environment Government Aid Universities Power Task 4: Location Factors for New Industry

23. Greater Supply Cheaper Build Cheap Land Spaced Contours Easy Build Suburbs Flat Land Location Large Area Large Complex Expansion Site Location Factors New Industry

24. More Choice Best Workers Large Supply Urban Areas Labour Force Location Factors New Industry

25. Air Int. Meetings Ports EU Trade Freight/Normal Rail Stations Quick Road A or M roads Workers Components Transport Location Factors New Industry

26. Skilled Labour R & D Post Graduates Collaboration Location Factors New Industry Universities

27. Government Aid Very Hard To See On Map Evidence Closed Industry Location Factors New Industry

28. Profits Size Town Local Motorway National Port International Location Factors New Industry Location Market

29. Power Electricty Large Supply Pylons Location Factors New Industry

30. Theatres Museums Country Parks Less Stress  Productivity Location Factors New Industry Services Environment

31. What is the old transport method in blue? What is the black line with small “v” shapes on it? What are these large irregular shaped buildings (peach) What are these areas of white open land? What do the spaced orange lines mean? What are these black dots and rings? What is this black mound? What is this line with dashes through it?

32. Explain the advantages of a proposed new industrial estate/science park here 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 84 78 77 76

33. Task 6: Geographical Methods and Techniques (GMT) Describe and explain for the changes that have taken place on this industrial estate between 1970 & 1995.

34. Describe • Just say: • what has changed e.g. the largest employer • what it was like, include date & values e.g. employed 2,100 in 1970 • what it became, include date & values e.g. but was 350 in 1995 • All you have to do is repeat this two or three times and you’ll get your marks! • Explain • For the things you have described you must say why they have changed, this is more important to the examiner e.g. • The largest employer has employed less people as firms have become more automated. • In 1995 the move to all road transport reflects the improvement in the motorway network and higher cost of rail transportation. • The change from heavier industry/manufacturing to lighter industry reflects the decline in old industries due to foreign competition.

35. GMT: Annotating An Industrial Field Sketch Edge of city so cheaper land values Flat land so easier & cheaper building costs. Large area for sprawling estate Large car parking space for workers Landscaped grounds for happier & productive workers Less congested roads in the suburbs for quick transport