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Motion & Forces

Motion & Forces. Action and Reaction Newton ’ s Third Law Momentum Conservation of Momentum. A. Newton ’ s Third Law. Newton ’ s Third Law of Motion When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal but opposite force on the first.

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Motion & Forces

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  1. Motion & Forces Action and Reaction Newton’s Third Law Momentum Conservation of Momentum

  2. A. Newton’s Third Law • Newton’s Third Law of Motion When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal but opposite force on the first.

  3. A. Newton’s Third Law • “For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

  4. A. Newton’s Third Law • Action-Reaction Pair

  5. A. Newton’s Third Law • Action-Reaction Pair

  6. FG FR A. Newton’s Third Law • Action-Reaction Pairs • The rocket exerts a downward force on the exhaust gases. • The gases exert an equal but opposite upward force on the rocket.

  7. A. Newton’s Third Law • Physics of walking

  8. A. Newton’s Third Law • Propulsion of fish through water • A fish uses its fins to push water backwards. In turn, the water reacts by pushing the fish forwards.

  9. A. Newton’s Third Law • Action-Reaction Pairs • The hammer exerts a force on the nail to the right. • The nail exerts an equal but opposite force on the hammer to the left.

  10. A. Newton’s Third Law • Consider the interaction between a baseball bat and baseball. • Action: the baseball forces the bat to the right. • Reaction: ?

  11. A. Newton’s Third Law • Using a diving board to spring into the air before a dive is a good example of Newton’s third law of motion. Explain.

  12. Newton’s Third Law Newton vs. Elephant Who will move fastest?

  13. F m A. Newton’s Third Law • Action-Reaction Pairs • Both objects accelerate. • The amount of acceleration depends on the mass of the object. • Small mass  more acceleration • Large mass  less acceleration

  14. A. Newton’s Third Law • http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/issedukit/en/activities/flash/start_toolbar.html#ex03_gm01.swf

  15. A. Newton’s Third Law • While driving, you observe a bug striking the windshield of your car. Obviously, a case of Newton’s third law! The bug hits the windshield and the windshield hits the bug. Is the force on the bug or the force on the windshield greater?

  16. B. Momentum • Momentum • “mass in motion” • Depends on object’s mass and velocity. • The more momentum an object has, the harder it is to stop. • It would require a greater amount of force or a longer amount of time or both to bring an object with more momentum to a stop.

  17. p v m B. Momentum • Momentum p = mv p: momentum (kg ·m/s) m: mass (kg) v: velocity (m/s)

  18. B. Momentum and Impulse • Newton’s 2nd Law Impulse = Change of momentum

  19. B. Momentum and Impulse

  20. p v m B. Momentum • Find the momentum of a bumper car if it has a total mass of 280 kg and a velocity of 3.2 m/s. GIVEN: m = 280 kg v = 3.2 m/s p = ? WORK: p = mv p = (280 kg)(3.2 m/s) p = 896 kg·m/s

  21. C. Conservation of Momentum • Law of Conservation of Momentum • The total momentum in a group of objects doesn’t change unless outside forces act on the objects. pbefore = pafter

  22. C. Conservation of Momentum • If momentum is lost by one object, it must be gained by another object in the system so that the total momentum of the system is constant.

  23. C. Conservation of Momentum • Collision between 1-kg cart and 2-kg dropped brick • Momentum of the loaded cart-dropped brick system is conserved

  24. C. Conservation of Momentum • Big fish in motion catches little fish

  25. C. Conservation of Motion • Little fish in motion is caught by big fish

  26. C. Conservation of Momentum • Elastic Collision (KE conserved) • Inelastic Collision (KE not conserved)

  27. p v m C. Conservation of Momentum • A 5-kg cart traveling at 4.2 m/s strikes a stationary 2-kg cart and they connect. Find their speed after the collision. BEFORE Cart 1: m = 5 kg v = 4.2 m/s Cart 2 : m = 2 kg v = 0 m/s AFTER Cart 1 + 2: m = 7 kg v = ? p = 21 kg·m/s p = 0 v = p ÷ m v = (21 kg·m/s) ÷ (7 kg) v = 3 m/s pbefore = 21 kg·m/s pafter = 21 kg·m/s

  28. C. Conservation of Momentum • A 50-kg clown is shot out of a 250-kg cannon at a speed of 20 m/s. What is the recoil speed of the cannon? BEFORE Clown: m = 50 kg v = 0 m/s Cannon: m = 250 kg v = 0 m/s AFTER Clown: m = 50 kg v = 20 m/s Cannon: m = 250 kg v = ? m/s p = 0 p = 1000 kg·m/s p = -1000 kg·m/s p = 0 pbefore = 0 pafter = 0

  29. p v m C. Conservation of Momentum • So…now we can solve for velocity. GIVEN: p = -1000 kg·m/s m = 250 kg v = ? WORK: v = p ÷ m v = (-1000kg·m/s)÷(250kg) v = - 4 m/s (4 m/s backwards)

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