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Napoleonic Europe

Napoleonic Europe. Day 27-29 McKay 712-720 & Palmer 10.47. Moderate Period 1789-1792 “Age of Montesquieu” Constitutional Monarchy Liberal moderates in control National Assembly/Legislative Assembly Limited Change Limited enfranchise-ment. Restoration Period 1799-1804

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Napoleonic Europe

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  1. Napoleonic Europe Day 27-29 McKay 712-720 & Palmer 10.47

  2. Moderate Period 1789-1792 “Age of Montesquieu” Constitutional Monarchy Liberal moderates in control National Assembly/Legislative Assembly Limited Change Limited enfranchise-ment Restoration Period 1799-1804 “Age of Voltaire” Enlightened Despotism Consulate Government centralized with enlightened ideals Old Order returns to power Crane Brinton & The Anatomy of Revolution Radical Period • 1792-1794 • “Age of Rousseau” • Republic • Strong central government • Radicals in control • Convention • Major Change • Total enfranchise- ment • Terror • Command economy • Utopian/ idealized vision Thermidorian Period • 1794-1799 • “Age of Smith” • Oligarchy • Moderates Bourgeoisie government • Directory • Reactionary stage • Idealized visions of Rev forgotten • Period of decadence • Free Market economy • High Inflation • Reliance on Strong Man

  3. Napoleonic Europe -Napoleonic Code issued -Duke of Enghien executed -Napoleon Crowned Emperor of France Napoleon Invades Russia -Quadruple Alliance formed -Napoleon Abdicates -Coup d’etat of Brumaire -Constitution of 1799 approved by plebicite -Consulate begins -Begins Peninsular War (1808) Napoleon Marries Marie Louise(1809) Treaty of Tilsit 1799 1801 1802 1804 1805 1806 1807 1812 1814 1815 - Third CoalitionBattle of Trafalgar -Battle of Austerlitz -Berlin Decree begins Continental System _Treaty of Luneveille gives France N. Italy -Concordat of 1801 -100 Days -Battle of Waterloo

  4. War with the Second Coalition (1799-1802) • France at war with Austria, GB • Battle of Marengo • Napoleon crossed the Alps and defeated the Austrians • “Shame of the German princes” • after German princes were forced out of Left Bank of Rhine they were given new territories on Right Bank by Napoleon • rather than oppose Bonaparte they scramble for land east of the Rhine (Church land) led to consolidation of German states and end of the HRE • This humiliation later caused many Germans to look for a strong German state to unify Germany • Treaty of Luneville 1801 • Peace treaty b/t Austria and France • France took N. Italy and German territories • Treaty of Amiens(1802) • the 1802 Britain signs peace treaty with Napoleon

  5. War of the Third Coalition

  6. War of the Third Coalition (1803-1806) • War between GB, Russia, Austria • GB did not remove soldiers from Malta • Gave Napoleon excuse for new war • Russia • Ruled Alexander I (Russia) • Grandson of Catherine, educated as enlightened despot • Was greatly offended by Duke of Enghien’s execution • British send him 1,250,000 pounds for each 100 thousand soldiers • Russia joined Third Coalition • Napoleon began constructing navy on French coast in hopes of invading England

  7. The Third Coalition 1805-1807:Trafalgar • 3rd Coalition = GB, Austria, Russia, Prussia declare war on France • Napoleon prepared invasion of England • Gathering forces on Channel coast • “If I control the Channel for 6 hours I will control the world” • Battle of Trafalgar (October 21, 1805) • Decisive naval battle b/t France & GB • British Admiral Horatio Nelson destroyed French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain (Trafalgar) • ENDS Naps hopes of ever invading England

  8. Trafalgar and Austerlitz

  9. Austerlitz and the Peace of Tilsit (1807) • Austro-Russian Armies march toward France in summer of 1805 • Battle of Austerlitz (Dec. 1805) • Napoleon’s greatest victory • Greatly outnumbered by Russia & Austria • Lured Russians to Pratzen Heights & outflanked them and crushed both armies • Napoleon later defeated Prussian army • Confederation of the Rhine • Napoleon ended Holy Roman Empire • Consolidated German states into 38 larger states • Named it The Confederation of the Rhine • Peace of Tilsit (July 1807) • After Austerlitz Russia wanted peasce • Peace treaty b/t France & Russia • Russia agrees to alliance with France against Great Britain

  10. The Continental System • Napoleon’s economic warfare against Great Britain • Berlin Decree 1806 • Called for the Continental System • Forbade importation of all British goods into continental Europe • Purpose • hoped it would ruin British commerce and cause business depression • Thus British gov would be unable to carry national debt or borrow from subjects • Force them to make peace

  11. All are subject to the Continental System( all are at war with & not to conduct trade with England) Napoleonic Organization of the Empire • Layer One (The Grand Empire) • Includes France & dependent states • Dependent states (Warsaw, Confederation of the Rhine) • Administrated by prefects • reported to Napoleon • Layer two (Satellite States (Allied states) (Prussia, Austria, Russia and Denmark , Norway)

  12. The Peninsular War • Napoleon’s invasion of Spain (Iberian Peninsula) • Portugal ignored Continental System • Napoleon • lead army through Spain to attack Portugal • decided to install his brother Joseph as King of Spain • Believed French armies would be welcomed as liberators from medievalism • Closed monasteries, outlaws Inquisition, inserted Napoleonic Code • But Spanish people rebelled • War noted for its brutality and savagery • Symbolized by Goya’s Third of May (1808) • Birth of guerilla (little) war • 500 thousand French soldiers stuck in 5 year protracted war Goya’sThe Third of May, 1808

  13. “Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)

  14. Napoleon and Maria Louisa • Napoleon divorced Josephine • She was 46 and had not produced a child • Napoleon wanted to marry into royalty to legitimize his rule • Married into Austrian royal family • Austria more concerned with Russia than France • Marie Louise (18 years old) • Daughter of Austrian emperor and niece of Marie Antoinette • Son is born and named King of Rome (Napoleon II/ The Eaglet) • Marriage made Napoleon nephew of Louis XVI • Would provide his heirs royal blood

  15. Napoleon and Maria Louisa

  16. Continental System • Modern Carthage • Derogatory term for Great Britain • Great Britain most despised nation in world • viewed by many Europeans (bourgeoisie, commercial classes) as a modern Carthage • Ruthless, profit-seeking power trying to economically enslave Europe • Napoleon referred to GB disparagingly called “a nation of shopkeepers” • Orders of Council (11/1807(Britain) • British counter Berlin Decree • Said that neutral nations must stop in British ports before entering continent (Force them to ship British goods) • Milan Decree (Napoleon) 12/1807 • Napoleon countered the “Orders of Council” • Neutral ships that traded with GB will be confiscated by France • Ultimately led to the War of 1812

  17. The Failure of the Continental System • Continental System was Terrible Failure!!! • Purpose was create integrated economy for the whole Continent (Clay’s American System) • But demand for sugar & tobacco (GB controlled) were insatiable • ‘the destinies of Europe turned upon a barrel of sugar!’ • Napoleon lamenting on leaks in Continental System • Problems • transportation over land too difficult • No Railroads yet • Poland, Prussia, and Russia couldn’t sell their produce • System favored France • Satellites forbidden to have tariff against France but France had one against them • Great Britain made up for lost trade with expanded trade in Latin American

  18. Europe in 1812

  19. Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia • Russia pulled out the Continental System in 1812 & resumed trade with GB • Napoleon declared war on Russia • Invaded Russia June 1812 with Grand Army of 700 thousand • Largest ever at that time • 1/3 French, 1/3 German, 90 thou Poles • This was an enormous military blunder • Russians continuously retreat & lured Napoleon into “Mother Russia” • Scorched earth policy • Naps army used to living off land • But Russians detroyed crops and livestock as they retreated • Battle of Borodino (September 1812) • Napoleon won but his army suffered 30 thousand casualties • Napoleon occupied Moscow in Sept 1812

  20. The Invasion of Russia

  21. The Retreat from Moscow • Fires erupted throughout Moscow • Set by Russian army • Napoleon waited for 5 weeks but Alex ignored calls for peace • Winter was coming • Napoleon ordered retreat in Oct. • Russian army & Cossacks orchestrate hit & run attacks on retreating Grand Army • Winter caused great suffering • 600,000+ left for Moscow, 400,000 died, 100,000 were taken prisoner • Grand Army destroyed • Retreat from Moscow=byword for military horror Excerpt from St. Michael’s Church Records, Oberdrackenstein, Wurttemberg Joseph(us) Enzz B. March 17, 1886 missing in Russia Beda Enzz B. August 4, 1787 missing, declared dead (at some point) "Episode of the Retreat from Russia“, Joseph Ferdinand Boissard de Boisdenier (1813 - 1866)

  22. The Retreat from Moscow

  23. The Battle of the Nations • Russians chased GA into Central Europe • Britain, Spain, Austria, Russia, Prussia form coalition against Napoleon • Napoleon raced across Europe (13 days) and raised another army • Battle of Leipzig • Called Battle of Nations by Germans • Combined coalition defeated Napoleon

  24. The Frankfurt Proposals • Frankfort proposals • Napoleon offered a chance to remain as Emperor by Metternich • France would retain ‘natural’ frontier on Rhine • Strong France would be an important balancing force against England and Russia • Napoleon rejected Frankfurt proposals Russians enter Paris, 1814

  25. Napoleon Abdicates • Quadruple Alliance • Russia, Great Britain, Prussia and Austria form new alliance • Invaded France in 1814 and crushed remaining French resistance • Napoleon abdicated the throne (April 1814) • Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVIII) placed on French throne • Louis declared • Constitutional Charter • France becomes constitutional monarchy (but given with absolutist tone) with King’s permission

  26. Abdication

  27. Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815 • Most important international peace treaty until Treaty of Versailles (1919) • All states of Europe sent reps • Quadruple Alliance have most power • Metternich of Austria = central figure • Key goals and methods • Create a lasting peace • Via “Balance of Power” • An equilibrium of power between nations • Metternich does not want to weaken France too much • Sees Russia as a rising threat • Prussia, Austria and Russia gain territory • France loses some • Confederation of the Rhine is renamed German Confederation • Settle issues created by French Revolution • Nationalism • Liberalism • Concert of Europe • Nations agreed to hold future meetings and work in concert to crush any threats to peace Metternich Hardenberg

  28. First Treaty of Paris (May, 1814) • Congress of Vienna issue First Treaty of Paris • Generous peace terms • France would be allowed to retain pre-Napoleonic borders • Not forced to pay reparations • can even keep stolen artwork • No army of occupation • Napoleon exiled to Elba as “Emperor of the Isle of Elba”

  29. The Hundred Days • Napoleon escaped from Elba & landed in France March 1815 • Louis XVIII • Lacked Napoleon’s charisma • associated with reactionary “white terror” • vengeful behavior of the returning émigrés • Napoleon regained power unopposed • Shocked Congress of Vienna into action • Battle of Waterloo • British general Wellington defeated Napoleon at 1815 • Napoleon abdicated again • Exiled to St. Helena

  30. Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena Click for Viva La Vida

  31. Second Treaty of Paris • Harsh peace for France • France forced to pay large indemnity (war fine) • Army of occupation placed in France • No Bonaparte should ever govern France final document of the Congress of Vienna, signed on June 9, 1815, to establish lasting peace in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars

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