Efforts to End Apartheid

1. Day 2: Efforts to End Apartheid I can describe the efforts by Nelson Mandela and others to end apartheid.

2. Use a combination of words & images to answer the questions! Warm-Up What are examples of ways people fight against something when they want change? What does it mean to resist?

3. What methods did black South Africans use to fight against and eventually end apartheid? Review Step 1: Think back to the Brain-Pop from last class and answer the question to the right --> Step 2: If you are stuck, re-watch the Brain-Pop video about apartheid

4. “You Choose” Assignment Today, you will be choosing one key leader in the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa to learn more about. You will then read about that leader and complete an organizer to show your learning. • On the next slide, read the brief description of each leader and pick one • Click on the “text” to read about the leader • Click on the “organizer” to complete the questions while reading • If time allows, choose a second leader to learn about and complete the organizer

6. Oliver Tambo was one of the heroes of South Africa’s struggle for freedom from apartheid. For many years he served as president of the African National Congress (ANC). Because the South African government did not like the ANC’s activities, Tambo was forced to leave the country. For 30 years he continued to oppose apartheid while living outside of South Africa. Early Life Oliver Reginald Tambo was born on October 27, 1917, in the village of Kantolo, near Mbizana (now in the Eastern Cape). He attended mission schools run by the Anglican and Methodist churches. In 1941 he received a science degree at the University of Fort Hare. Later he studied law. Career In 1944 Tambo founded the ANC Youth League along with Nelson Mandela. Tambo taught mathematics and science for a while, but he soon devoted his life to the fight against apartheid. In 1952 Tambo and Mandela established South Africa’s first black law practice in Johannesburg. In 1956 Tambo was arrested on a charge of treason, which is a crime against the government. He was released the following year. In 1958 Tambo became the deputy president of the ANC. After the Sharpeville massacre of 1960, the South African government banned the ANC. Tambo left South Africa to help organize the ANC’s operations outside the country. He lived in Lusaka, in Zambia. When ANC president Chief Albert Luthuli died in 1967, Tambo began serving as president. He was officially named to the post in 1969. Tambo traveled a great deal. He spoke about apartheid to the United Nations and other international organizations. In Europe, Asia, and North and South America he became one of the most respected black leaders. The ban on the ANC ended in February 1990. On December 13, 1990, Tambo finally returned to South Africa. He attended the first conference of ANC members in more than 30 years. His health was poor, however, so in 1991 he turned over the ANC presidency to Mandela. Tambo took the post of national chairman of the ANC. He died in Johannesburg on April 24, 1993. Oliver Tambo

7. How did Oliver Tambo help to end apartheid? Type Here What did you find most interesting about Oliver Tambo? Why? Type Here What are 2-3 important dates in Oliver Tambo’s life? Type Here Oliver Tambo What should Oliver Tambo be remembered for? Type Here

8. Steve Biko Steve Biko was a founder of the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa. The movement encouraged black South Africans to be proud of their culture and to stand up for their rights. Biko is regarded as a hero in black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid. Bantu Stephen (“Steve”) Biko was born on December 18, 1946, in King William’s Town, South Africa. His father was a clerk and his mother was a domestic worker. Biko began fighting against apartheid at an early age. He was expelled from Lovedale High School for his political activities. He then attended Saint Francis College. After graduating, he was admitted to the University of Natal’s medical school. In 1968 he helped start the all-black South African Students’ Organization (SASO). He became president of SASO the next year. Black Consciousness The SASO was based on the ideas of Black Consciousness. The leaders of the Black Consciousness movement had a new goal for change in South Africa. Other groups were working to allow blacks to participate in the current society. The leaders of the Black Consciousness movement, however, wanted blacks to establish their own society based on their own culture. In 1972 Biko left the university and began to work for the Black Community Programmes (BCP) in Durban. The BCP provided resources to help blacks become independent. These included schools, newspapers, health clinics, and businesses. Biko believed that black South Africans needed to work together to break “the chains of oppression.” The South African government felt threatened by Biko’s activities. It banned Biko in 1973. The ban meant that he could not move around freely or make any public statements. Biko challenged the ban by continuing to organize for the BCP. Death In August 1977 Biko was arrested. The police took him to jail, where they beat him severely. On September 12, 1977, Biko died in Pretoria from his injuries. More than 20,000 people attended his funeral. His death had a major influence on the movement to end apartheid because it inspired blacks to fight for their rights.

9. How did Steve Biko help to end apartheid? Type Here What did you find most interesting about Steve Biko? Why? Type Here What are 2-3 important dates in Steve Biko’s life? Type Here Steve Biko What should Steve Biko be remembered for? Type Here

10. Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela spent almost 30 years in prison for fighting against apartheid in South Africa. Apartheid was a government policy that separated people of different races. After being freed from prison, Mandela became South Africa’s first black president. Early Life and Political Activities Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, in Umtata, South Africa. His father was the chief of the Tembu, a Xhosa-speaking people. As a young adult, Mandela studied law. He became a lawyer in the early 1940s. Mandela wanted equal rights for South Africa’s black people. Although blacks made up most of the country’s population, whites controlled the government. Blacks had few rights under apartheid. In 1944 Mandela joined a group called the African National Congress (ANC). The ANC was leading the fight against apartheid. In 1949 Mandela became a leader of the ANC. Imprisonment Mandela later helped the ANC to create a secret military force. His work got him in trouble with South Africa’s government. In 1962 the government put him in prison. In 1964 Mandela and other ANC leaders were sentenced to life in prison. Mandela became famous during his years in prison. Many South Africans worked to free him. International groups and people in other countries also supported Mandela’s cause. In 1990 South African President F.W. de Klerk finally freed Mandela. Presidency Mandela became president of the ANC in 1991. He and de Klerk worked together to end apartheid. In 1993 the two men were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1994 South Africans of all races voted in the country’s first fully democratic election. Mandela was elected president of the country. As president, Mandela set up the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. This group investigated human rights crimes that had happened under the former government. Mandela also improved housing, education, and living standards for people of color. Mandela stepped down as head of the ANC in 1997. He retired from politics in 1999, after one term as president. Later Life After his presidency, Mandela set up the Nelson Mandela Foundation. The group promoted peace and the protection of human rights. Mandela also supported other causes, such as fighting AIDS and ending world poverty. Mandela died on December 5, 2013, in Johannesburg, South Africa.

11. How did Nelson Mandela help to end apartheid? Type Here What did you find most interesting about Nelson Mandela? Why? Type Here What are 2-3 important dates in Nelson Mandela’s life? Type Here Nelson Mandela What should Nelson Mandela be remembered for? Type Here

12. Albert John Luthuli Albert John Luthuli (also spelled Lutuli) was a Zulu chief, teacher, and political activist in South Africa. He was president of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1952 to 1960. In 1960 he became the first African to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Early Life Albert John Mvumbi Luthuli was born in 1898 near Bulawayo, in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). His father was an interpreter from Zululand, a region that became part of South Africa. When Albert was 10 years old, his father died. Albert then went to live with his uncle in Natal (now part of South Africa’s KwaZulu-Natal province). Albert learned Zulu traditions in the household of his uncle. His uncle was the Zulu chief of Groutville, in Natal. Luthuli later studied at a teacher-training college near Durban, South Africa. He then became a teacher and lecturer. In 1936 the Zulu community in Groutville elected him as its chief. Career Luthuli became involved in politics in 1945, when he joined the ANC. The ANC was dedicated to fighting discrimination against nonwhites. In 1946 he led protests after the police and army used violence against striking black miners. In 1948 the Natal branch of the ANC elected Luthuli as president. Meanwhile, the white-controlled government of South Africa set up the system of apartheid. Apartheid was meant to keep whites separate from people of color. In 1952 Luthuli helped to organize a nonviolent nationwide protest against apartheid. The government responded by taking away his Zulu chieftainship. That year Luthuli was elected president of the ANC. In 1956 the police arrested Luthuli and many of his comrades. They were charged with treason. Luthuli was not convicted of a crime. However, after his trial, the government forced him to stay at his home in Groutville. White leaders hoped to keep him from taking part in politics. But Luthuli continued to organize protests from his home. Luthuli won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1960 for his nonviolent campaign against discrimination. In 1961 the South African government allowed Luthuli to accept the prize in Norway. Afterward, he was forced to return to his imprisonment at home. Luthuli died on July 21, 1967.

13. How did Albert Luthuli help to end apartheid? Type Here What did you find most interesting about Albert Luthuli? Why? Type Here What are 2-3 important dates in Albert Luthuli’s life? Type Here Albert John Luthuli What should Albert Luthuli be remembered for? Type Here

14. Helen Suzman Helen Suzman was one of the best-known politicians in South Africa. For 13 years she was the only member of South Africa’s parliament to speak out against apartheid. She supported human rights throughout her career. Early Life Helen Gavronsky was born on November 7, 1917, in Germiston, in the Transvaal province (now Gauteng province) of South Africa. Her parents were Jewish and came from Lithuania. Helen studied at the University of the Witwatersrand. Later she taught economic history at the same university. In 1937 she married Moses Suzman. Career In 1948 the proapartheid National Party came to power in South Africa. Suzman joined the United Party, a more liberal group, during the same year. In 1953 Suzman was elected as a member of Parliament (MP). Suzman and 11 other MPs broke away from the United Party in 1959. They formed the Progressive Party because they wanted to oppose apartheid more strongly. Unfortunately for their cause, the new party did poorly in the 1961 parliamentary election. All of its members except Suzman lost their seats. Until another Progressive was elected in 1974, Suzman was the only MP speaking for the rights of South Africa’s nonwhite people. Suzman strongly favored progressive causes. She visited political prisoners and insisted on better treatment for them. She also supported women’s rights and wanted to abolish the death penalty. In the 1970s her party began to grow. It later became known as the Democratic Party. In 2000 its members joined with members of other parties to form the Democratic Alliance. Suzman continued her political activism after she retired from Parliament in 1989. She was twice nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Helen Suzman died on January 1, 2009, in Johannesburg.

15. How did Helen Suzman help to end apartheid? Type Here What did you find most interesting about Helen Suzman? Why? Type Here What are 2-3 important dates in Helen Suzman’s life? Type Here Helen Suzman What should Helen Suzman be remembered for? Type Here

16. Desmond Tutu Desmond Tutu is a religious leader in South Africa. His protests helped to bring an end to South Africa’s apartheid laws. Apartheid was a system that kept blacks separate from whites. In 1984 Tutu received the Nobel Peace Prize for his work. Early Life Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born on October 7, 1931, in Klerksdorp, South Africa. His father was a schoolteacher. Tutu graduated from the University of South Africa in 1954. Tutu taught school for three years. Then he went back to college to study religion. In 1961 he became a priest in the Anglican church. He then taught religion in South Africa and Lesotho (another country in southern Africa). Career Between 1972 and 1975 Tutu worked in Great Britain for a Christian group called the World Council of Churches. Then he returned to Africa to serve the Anglican church. Between 1978 and 1985 Tutu led the South African Council of Churches. During this time he frequently made nonviolent protests against apartheid laws. The apartheid system made life hard for blacks. They did not have the same rights as whites. In 1986 Tutu became archbishop (the top rank in the Anglican church) of Cape Town, South Africa. He was the first black to hold this job. In 1988 Tutu also became chancellor (president) of the University of the Western Cape in Bellville, South Africa. He continued to protest against apartheid. Apartheid finally ended in the early 1990s. In 1995 Tutu led a committee that investigated the crimes of apartheid. He retired as archbishop in 1996, but he continued to teach.

17. How did Desmond Tutu help to end apartheid? Type Here What did you find most interesting about Desmond Tutu? Why? Type Here What are 2-3 important dates in Desmond Tutu’s life? Type Here Desmond Tutu What should Desmond Tutu be remembered for? Type Here

18. 3-2-1 Exit Ticket