European Colonies in the Americas and New Patterns of Trade

2. European Colonies in the Americas and New Patterns of Trade

3. Objectives: • Students will discover how the Spanish built an Empire in the Americas and its characteristics. • Students will explore how the French and English colonies differed in the New World and the consequences of conflict. • Students will discover how exploration resulted in a new exchange of plants and animals. • Students will investigate mercantilism, and how this theory pushed the drive to establish colonies.

4. Spain in Caribbean Encomienda Millions Died • First areas settled by Spanish, Caribbean islands, Hispaniola, Cuba • Columbus hoped to find gold, did not • Spanish introduced encomienda system there • Colonist given land and Native Americans to work the land • Required to teach native workers about Christianity • Disastrous system for Native Americans • Mistreatment, overwork took toll on population • Europeans spread new diseases Spain Builds an Empire • Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands • Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas • Eventually conquered native empires, the Aztecs and Incas

5. The Conquest of Mexico and South America • Conquistador • Some Spaniards moved from Caribbean to mainland to set up colonies • Hernán Cortés led expedition to Mexico, ended with conquest of Aztecs • Cortés a conquistador, military leader who fought against Native Americans • Cortes Marches on Capital • Moctezuma II, Aztec emperor at time of Spanish arrival in Mexico • Aztecs powerful, ruled much of Mexico; unpopular with those they conquered • Cortés joined by thousands of those who wanted to defeat Aztecs • Pizarro and the Inca • 10 years after conquest of Aztecs, Francisco Pizarro led expedition to Peru • Inca Empire already weakened by smallpox; many killed, including emperor • 1532, new ruler, Atahualpa, agreed to meet with Spanish • Spanish killed Atahualpa, destroyed Inca army, took over empire • ADVANTAGE GUNS, GERMS and STEEL

6. Beginnings of Slavery • Disease, mistreatment took toll on native population • Some appalled at treatment • One reformer, Bartolomé de Las Casasrecommended replacing Native Americans as laborers with imported African slaves • Slave labor soon became common practice in Americas

7. Spanish Colonies Exports Spanish goal for colonies was to export gold and precious metals back to Europe

8. Summarize How did the Spanish create an empire in the Americas? Answer(s): conquered Aztec and Inca empires

9. Treaty • 1494, Treaty of Tordesillas drew imaginary line through Atlantic Ocean • Everything west, including most of then-undiscovered Americas, would belong to Spain • Everything to east would be Portuguese • Only Brazil remained as Portuguese colony • Heavy Brazilian jungles made mining, farming difficult • Portuguese in no hurry to settle • First used Native American, then African slave, labor to work on farms The Portuguese in Brazil Portuguese built an empire in the Americas Because of treaty, their empire was not as large as the Spanish one

17. New France Trade and Colonization • French explorers established colonies in New France, or Canada • Hoped this would be a rich source for gold, silver • Did not find riches, but found other potentially valuable trade goods • Waters of North Atlantic swarming with fish, staple of European diet • Forests yielded valuable furs • French did not send large numbers of colonists; small groups of traders • Did not enslave Native Americans French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the Americas Silver and gold from American colonies began to circulate in Europe; other European countries paid close attention. Leaders in France, England, and the Netherlands decided that they needed to establish colonies in the Americas. Native American hunters were the French traders’ main source of furs. Many traders married Native American women, intermingling the two cultures.

18. Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico South from New France • 1682, René-Robert La Salle canoed down entire Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico • Claimed enormous Mississippi region, tributaries for France • Named huge, fertile area Louisiana, after King Louis XIV • A few French explorers headed south to seek more lands to claim • 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded city of Quebec • French also explored Mississippi River • Thought it flowed to Pacific, would provide route to Asia Further Explorations

19. Pilgrims Native Americans • 1620, Pilgrims sailed from England • Pilgrims had been persecuted in England for religious beliefs • Established colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts • Persevered despite difficulties • Colony self-sufficient within 5 years • English settlers did not share same relationship with Native Americans as French, Dutch • Jamestown, Plymouth colonies received aid from local peoples • Still, colonists viewed Native Americans with distrust, anger The English Colonies • 1607, first English colony established at Jamestown • Settlers hoped to find gold, silver, river route to Pacific • Instead found marshy ground, impure water • 80 percent of settlers died during first winter in America • Colony still endured

20. British-French Conflict • Problems • English ran into conflict with French settlers in Americas • Mid-1700s, English colonists attempted to settle in French territory, upper Ohio River valley; tension in region grew; war broke out, 1754 • French and Indian War • Both had Native American allies; English called it French and Indian War • Also Called the Seven Years War • War began badly for British; French had more soldiers than English • British turned tide, took city of Quebec • Costly War • Eventually French surrendered, yielded Canada, all French territory east of Mississippi • War costly for British; king tried to place costs of war on colonists • Led to resentment, which eventually brought about American Revolution

24. The Exchange of Goods Sharing Discoveries • Plants, animals developed in very different ways in hemispheres • Europeans—no potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, turkeys • People in Americas—no coffee, oranges, rice, wheat, sheep, cattle • Arrival of Europeans in Americas changed all this • Previously unknown foods taken back to Europe • Familiar foods brought to Americas by colonists The Columbian Exchange • Voyages launched large-scale contact between Europe and Americas. • Interaction with Native Americans led to sweeping cultural changes. • Contact between the two groups led to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease—the Columbian Exchange.

28. Capitalism Emerges Overseas Trade Increased Business Activity • During this time, capitalism expanded • In capitalism, most economic activity carried on by private individuals, organizations in order to seek profit • Individuals amassed great trade fortunes • Merchants supplied colonists with European goods • Returned products, raw materials • Overseas trade made many merchants rich • Wealth enabled them to invest in more business ventures • Business activity in Europe increased greatly The Rise of Capitalism Increasing trade between Europe and colonies created new business and trade practices during the 1500s and 1600s. These practices would have a great impact on the economies of European nations.

29. A New Business Organization • New Ventures • Overseas business ventures often too expensive for individual investors • Investors began pooling money in joint-stock companies • Joint-Stock Companies • Investors bought shares of stock in company • If company made profit, each shareholder received portion • Shares • Profit, loss based on number of shares owned • If company failed, investors lost only amount invested • Financing Colonies • British East India Company, one of first joint-stock companies • 1600, imported spices from Asia • Others formed to bear cost of establishing colonies

31. The chart shows the average annual rate at which earnings rose for full-time working men (in dark blue) and women (in light blue) in each 10 percent bracket from 1980 to 2005. So the poorest men and women are on the left of each chart, and the richest are on the right. http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/01/why-us-income-inequality-is-more-frightening-than-europes/272529/

32. Beginnings Native Americans African Slaves • Shortage of labor in Americas led to beginning of Atlantic slave trade • European planters needed workers on sugar, tobacco plantations • Planters first used Native Americans; European diseases killed millions • 1600s, used indentured servants • Expensive to support workers • Millions forcibly taken to Americas • Most from coast of West Africa • Some exchanged for firearms, goods • Others kidnapped on raids by traders Origins of the Slave Trade • Slavery has existed in many parts of the world • People forced into slavery came from different walks of life • Farmers, merchants, priests, soldiers, or musicians; fathers and mothers, sons and daughters.

33. Trade Network Captured Africans became part of network called the triangular trade • First leg of triangle, ships carrying European goods to Africa to be exchanged for slaves • Second leg, Middle Passage, brought Africans to Americas to be sold • Third leg carried American products to Europe • Some slave traders from Americas sailed directly to Africa, not following triangular route

35. Horrific Conditions Ordeal • Olaudah Equiano wrote about conditions on slave ship: • “The stench of the hold…was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time… • “The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole scene of horror almost inconceivable.” • Middle Passage, terrifying ordeal • Captive Africans chained together, forced into dark, cramped quarters below ship’s decks • Could neither sit nor stand • Journey lasted three to six weeks, ten to twenty percent did not survive Middle Passage