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WATER THE MOTHER OF LIFE. WATER x India’s first Knowledge Center on Drinking Water. The Foundation of Good Health is Good Water…. Amazing Facts of Water. Today,the amount of water on earth remains exactly the same as it was billions of years ago- no more, no less.
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WATERx India’s first Knowledge Center on Drinking Water
Today,the amount of water on earth remains exactly the same as it was billions of years ago- no more, no less. The water molecule which we have been using today might have been drunk by some dinosaur.
Of all the earth's water, 97% is salt water found in oceans and seas. • Three percent of the water on Earth is freshwater and only 1 % is available for human consumption.
6.6 Lorries! WATER & HUMANBEING • 72% of our body is water • On average a person drinks about 60,000 liters. of water during his lifetime. • Metro water is supplying water to the consumers through lorries of 9000 liters capacity
Why do we need Water? • W orks to keep muscles and skin toned. • A ids in weight loss. • T ransports oxygen & nutrients to cells. • E liminates toxins & waste from the body. • R egulates body temperature.
In human body two-third is water. • Water is essential nutrient that is involved in every function of the body. • 50,000 billion! That is the number of cells which contain two thirds of the water in our bodies! • Just like the air, water is essential to life.
Dehydration • Dehydration means the body does not have enough fluids to function at an optimal level. • Dehydration can be caused by fluid loss (through vomiting, diarrhea or excessive urination), inadequate intake, or a combination of both. • Decrease in skin turgor is indicated when the skin (on the back of the hand for an adult or on the abdomen for a child) is pulled up for a few seconds and does not return to its original state.
Dehydration Types • Dehydration is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the percentage of body weight lost during the acute illness.
Dehydration Prevention • Always encourage fluids during an illness, and remember that fluid needs are increased with fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. • The easiest signs to monitor are… • urine output • saliva in the mouth • and tears while crying • Avoid using water as the primary replacement fluid, especially in infants.
Where do we get our Drinking Water? Lakes and Reservoirs Rivers and Streams Ground Water Wells
WHAT IS GROUNDWATER? • Groundwater is water that comes from the ground. • Amazingly, many people use groundwater but don't even know it.
Where does groundwater comes from? • Groundwater comes mainly from rain, that soaks into the ground. • The water moves down into the ground because of gravity, it reaches a depth where the ground is filled, or saturated, with water. • The area that is filled with water is called the saturated zone and the top of this zone is called the water table.
SURFACE WATER • The water in lakes, rivers, or oceans is called surface water...it's on the surface. • Water in a lake can soak down into the ground and become groundwater.
BORE WELL • Groundwater is stored in the ground in materials like gravel or sand. • It's kind of like the earth is a big sponge holding all that water. Water can also move through rock formations like sandstone or through cracks in rocks. • An area that holds a lot of water, which can be pumped up is called an aquifer.
WATER CONTAMINATION • It can become polluted from • Industrial waste water • Domestic waste water • leaky underground tanks that store gasoline, leaky landfills • when people apply fertilizer or pesticides on their fields or lawns. • When pollutants leak, spill, or are carelessly dumped on the ground they can move through the soil.
PHYSICAL POLLUTION What You See Dust, dirt, mud, etc…
BACTERIA • The most abundant organisms on Earth, bacterialive almost everywhere. • They live in the soil and water, in plants and animals. • They take the form of spheres, rods or spirals, bacteria consist of a single cell.
VIRUS • Viruses can appear as spirals, 20-sided figures or even more complicated forms. • They consist mainly of genetic material--DNA or RNA. • They are not cells, however, and cannot carry out life functions on their own. • Living inside the cells of other species, viruses use the host cells to grow and produce new viral particles. • As they take over genetic material to reproduce themselves, the host cells often die.
VIRUS MULTIPLICATION • All viruses follow the same basic steps in what is known as the lytic cycle (see figure): • A virus particle attaches to a host cell. • The particle releases its genetic instructions into the host cell. • The injected genetic material recruits the host cell's enzymes. • The enzymes make parts for more new virus particles. • The new particles assemble the parts into new viruses. • The new particles break free from the host cell.
PROTOZOA • Protozoa consist of a single cell that includes a nucleus. • They can be parasitic, needing to live within another organism, or free-living in moist habitats. • The similarity of inner structures of protozoan and human cells makes it difficult to treat infections caused by protozoa. • Protozoan infections include amoebic dysentery, giardiasis, etc,..
These diseases usually occur as a result of inadequately treating drinking and wastewater
How are they Spread? • A person may be infected by drinking contaminated water, or by direct or hand-to-mouth transfer of the bacteria from feces or contaminated surfaces.
What are the Symptoms? • Human symptoms for water-borne illnesses range from fever and malaise to the better known gastro intestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and stomach aches. • Most water-borne illnesses cause: • Abdominal discomfort • Fever • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Symptoms are more severe for people with weakened immune systems and can lead to death.
How to Prevent? • Always wash your hands before handling food. • Wash fruits and vegetables with clean water. • Avoid unpastuerized milk and dairy products. • Don’t swallow water from lakes, rivers or pools. • Water swallowed while swimming may contain harmful bacteria. • Clean surfaces where diapers are changed after every use. • Foods and drinks, in particular raw fruits and vegetables maybe contaminated if not washed properly with pure water.
WATER PURIFICATION METHODS • FILTRATION • BOILING • CHLORINATION • OZONISATION • IODINATION • U.V. TECHNOLOGY • MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
Candle filters act as breeding grounds for bacteria FILTRATION
CHLORINATION • Chlorination is the process of treating water with Chlorine. • Needs a Contact Time of 45 Minutes. • Danger of over dosing. • Makes water more corrosive properties . • Taste and smell in the water. Advantage : • Cheap method of purification. • Used for public water supply.
CHLORINATION • Some viruses are resistant to chlorine. • Chlorination by-products like trihalomethane (THM), Chloramine are carcinogenic.
OZONISATION • Ozone is a form of oxygen with the molecular formula O3. • It forms when O2 or clean dry air is exposed to a powerful electric current. • In nature, it forms in the upper atmosphere when lightning passes through the air. • Ozone is unstable and changes to O2 shortly after its formation. • It is a powerful oxidant and one of the disinfectants available for water treatment.
OZONISATION • Expensive • Highly Unstable • Monitoring is difficult • Minimum Contact time required • Direct inhalation can lead to tissue damage
