Sykes-Picot Agreement

1. Sykes-Picot Agreement Henry McMahon an English commissioner in Egypt. Sherif Hussein Ibn Ali the leader of Mecca. Exchanged letters involving armed revolts against the Ottoman Empire. The agreement started in November of 1915. It was created by Sir Mark Sykes and François Picot.The two countries wanted ports water supply and control of Turkish aggression. Britain controlled Jordan and Iraq. While France controlled Turkey, Syria, and Lebanon.The area of Palestine was controlled by Russia. • It was an agreement that set the boundaries and created influence in the Middle-East. • This agreement involved Britain and France. • This set the borders of some countries today.

2. UN Resolution 181 • The UN Resolution 181 was approved on November 29, 1947. • It was created to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict in the British mandate of Palestine, more specifically to give an official Jewish state, Arab state, recognition, and peace within the region. • It was approved by the UN General Assembly. The declaration by the mandatory power plan to complete its evacuation out of Palestine by August 1, 1948. Countries that voted against the approval: Afganistan, Cuba, Egypt, Greece, Yemen, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Turkey. The resolution was accepted by the Jews in Palestine but not the Arabs state. Theodor Herzl had proposed the Jewish state at the first Jewish World Congress and it was decided that this state was to take shape in Palestine. The voting results were 33 votes in favor, 13 votes against, and 10 abstentions.

3. Israel War of Independence Background: •Began on May 15th, 1948. • Arab countries invaded the new Jewish state to acquire territory from Palestine. • Arab countries rejected the partition of Palestine. •The rejection led to long periods of fighting and ceasefire. • The sides of the war: Israel vs. Egypt Syria Transjordan Lebanon Iraq Saudi Arabia Commanders For Israel • Yaakov Dori • Yigael Yadin Other Important People King Abdullah – The leader of Jordan Hajj Amin al-Husseini- Palestinian Arab Nationalist and A Muslim religious leader. He fought against the establishment of a Jewish state. Commanders For Arab Countries ∙Glubb Pasha∙Abd Al-Qadir al-husayni∙Hasaan Salama∙Fawzi al-Qawugji Yaakov Dori: • Was the first Chief of Staff of the Israeli Defense Forces Glubb Pasha: •A British soldier •Best known for leading and training Transjordan’s Arab Legion The Beginning of the End •Jews began expanding control outside their boundaries. •America then took action and issued an embargo on the Jewish Region •Fighting officially ended after Security Council threatened to cite the Arab governments for aggression under the charter. •All countries, except Iraq, signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1949. •In more ways than one, Israel had won This map shows the strategies used by the Arab countries to invade Israel. Hajj Almin and his friends King Abdullah of Jordan

4. Why did it happen? What happen during it? • Arab countries continually refused to acknowledge the legitimacy • Israel seized the west bank from Jordan and Gaza from Egypt in 1967 and soon after began building settlements there Six-Day War • Arabs called for the destruction of Israel and constant Palestinian attacks on Jewish civilians Who Won? How long did it last? • Israel won over the other countries • It lasted about six days but was really 5 days and 11 hours and 26 minutes When did it end? When did it happen? • It ended on June 10th, 1967 Other names for the war? • The war started on June 5th, 1967 • June War, The setback, and The War of Attrition What happen after it? Who was involved? • Battles were still fought between Israeli’s and Egyptians troops • The Palestinian’s and Israeli’s were the main countries that were involved, there was also Jordan, Syria, and Egypt • The Nixon administration tried to broker a cease-fire between the two sides

5. Palestinian Refugees • All of the Arab members states of the UN voted against the 194 resolution because they didn’t believe the refugees should be able to come back • Creation of Israel and the War of Independence resulted in millions of refugees • Israel thought that everyone has the right to leave the country and come back • Ran out of their homes and displaced to refugee camps • Camps were over crowded and filled with poverty • Jews are allowed to emigrate to Israel under Israel’s Law of Return even if they didn’t have ancestors that lived there thousands of years ago • They were located in Gaza, West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria • On the other hand some people that had lived there all of their lives and had ancestors that went back were forbidden to return • Over 100,000 Arabs were displaced from their villages Refugee camps today are found in Jordan, Gaza, West Bank, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt • The Israeli version is that the Palestinians attacked the Jews and then fled • Jordan has the highest amounts of refugees which is over a million and Egypt has the lowest with under 100,000 • The Palestinian's version is that the Zionists attacked them • Israel was formed to provide refuge to Jews in light of the history of persecutions • Dec.11 1948 the UN resolution was passed in order to protect the right of the Palestinian Arab refugees • The Israeli government passed laws and demolished many of the refugee’s villages since then

6. Yasser Arafat, PLO, Mahmoud Abbas -Born in 1935 in northern Israel -Has a bachelors in law from Damascus university & a PhD in history from Moscow's oriental college -Fond in member of the Palestinian National Liberation Movement -Secretary general of PLO executive committee -Headed the Palestinian Negotiation team -March 2003 was appointed as the Prime minister of Palestinian Authority by Arafat/ Sep. 7, 03 resigned as Prime Minister -After Arafat died he became the Leader of PLO and still is the leader - -Stands for Palestine Liberation organization -Formed in 1964 in East Jerusalem -Original intentions to destroy Israel -1988 PLO announced it recognized Israel's right to exist -1968 to 2004 its leader was Yasser Arafat -current leader Mahmoud Abbas • Born in Cairo, Aug. 24, 1929-Died Nov. 11, 04 • Graduated college with civil engineering degree (University of Cairo) while in college he adopted the name Yasser = easy going in Arabic • After college served in the Egyptian army as a second lieutenant • The leader of Fatah & 1968 became leader of PLO

7. Jennifer Reid & William Price Camp David Peace Treaty Two agreements: -A Framework for Peace in the Middle East [3 parts] -A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty Between Egypt and Israel. Background: Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt was willing to come to peace with Israel for the return of lost territory, Sinai Peninsula in a war in 1967. When Israel ignored the offer, Egyptian forces surprise attacked Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur in 1973. 1st Agreement: Parts 2nd Agreement 1- Framework for negotiations to establish a self-governing rule authority in West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Israel agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to the possession of Egypt in return for good relations, freedom of passage through the Suez Canal, and a restriction on how close Egyptian forces can be within the border of Israel. After the war, in 1977 Sadat decided to visit Jerusalem with the Israeli Prime Minister. As a result, the Camp David Accords were later signed in the US at Camp David. 3- Declared principles that should apply to Israel and its Arab neighbors. 2- Dealt with the Egyptian-Israeli relations

8. First and Second Intifada • The first started on December 8th 1987 and lasted till 1990. • Refers to a series of violent incidents between Palestinians and Jews. • The Israeli’s view it to be a terrorist campaign. • It literally means shaking off but is a Palestinian uprising against the Jewish. • Was about 4,700 deaths. (3,651 Palestinian) (1,007 Jewish) • It marked an end to passive resistance. • Palestinians ambushed the Israeli army with stones many times. • The second lasted from 2000-2005 but has not officially ended. • Palestinians view this battle as a war of national liberation against foreign occupation. • As Intifada II lasted many new weapons were developed. • The second Intifada was formed as a result of the Oslo accords.

9. Hamas Hezbollah Leaders of Hezbollah The First leader is Sheik Hassan • Played a major role In violent fundamentalist subversions • Radical terrorist operation against Israelis and Arabs • Leaders Continued • Yasser Taha Was the leader of Hamas’s Military wing and died June 2003 by Israeli Missiles. • Khaled Mashal One of the highest ranking members of Hamas. • Mahmod Zahar One of the founders of Hamas. • Ismail Hanigeh is the new leader • Created in February 1987 by Ahmed Yassin • Hamas is terrorist group and is recognized by many different countries • Australia, Canada, The U.K. European Union, And the U.S • Leaders of Hamas • Ahmed Yassin who was the founder And former leader of Hamas but was killed March 22, 2004 • Abdel Aziz Rantisi Leader of Hamas in 2004. • Abdullah Qawasmeh Was a senor official for Hamas. Killed June 21, 2003 by Israeli border police • Hamas is an acronym for (in English ) Islamic Resistance movement. • It is a Palestinian Shia Islamist Organization

10. Oslo Accords • Officially called the Declaration of Principles (DOP) • Finalized in Oslo, Norway on August 20, 1993 But… Officially signed at a public ceremony in Washington D.C. on September 13, 1993 Conflict between Israel/Palestine has not been resolved Knesset-- the Jews argued about whether to sign the Accords or not. Annexes of the Accords— Annex 1: Conditions of Elections Annex 2: Withdrawal of Israeli Forces Annex 3: Economic cooperation Annex 4: Regional Development Map of Israel and the Gaza Strip Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13, 1993 Israeli government recognized PLO as the representative of the Palestinians The aim of the Accord was to establish a government for the Palestinians PLO recognized the right of the state of Israel to exist and renounced violence and it’s desire for the destruction of Israel

11. Construction of Israeli Security Barrier • History: After suicide bombing in Dophinanium in Israel, the government decides to build a security barrier around Israel and it’s territories. • Effects: Good: Helps avoid attacks from Muslim terrorists and gives Israel more security and protection Bad: Palestinians believe boundaries are on their land, and Israel the same (West Bank) Palestine also looses freedoms to travel CAUSES LOTS OF CONTROVERSY!! • Barrier: 3 main fences first 2 fences are made of concrete slabs (8m in height and 3m in width) last fence has intrusion detection and several observation points • As of now: some of fence has been constructed, and still being debated over