1 / 38

Anatomy Chapters 2-4: Chemistry, Biology, Cytology, and Histology

Anatomy Chapters 2-4: Chemistry, Biology, Cytology, and Histology. Slides by Coach Murray Images: Various Sources Listed Within. Chemistry – Chapter 2. Describe basic atomic structure Distinguish between chemical bond types Contrast inorganic and organic chemistry

conlan
Download Presentation

Anatomy Chapters 2-4: Chemistry, Biology, Cytology, and Histology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Anatomy Chapters 2-4: Chemistry, Biology, Cytology, and Histology Slides by Coach Murray Images: Various Sources Listed Within

  2. Chemistry – Chapter 2 • Describe basic atomic structure • Distinguish between chemical bond types • Contrast inorganic and organic chemistry • Name, identify and describe the structure of the 4 major organic macromolecules • Classify examples of organic molecules by their type

  3. Atoms and Atomic Structure pg27 • Matter is anything that has mass and volume • Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter • Atoms are composed of subatomic particles: • Protons - positive, located in the nucleus • Neutron – neutral, located in the nucleus • Electrons – negative, located in orbitals/clouds surrounding the nucleus

  4. Chemical Bonds pg30-4 • Molecules want to be stable in nature • On way they become stable is by having full outermost orbital of electrons • Bonding is one way to accomplish this. • 2 major/important kinds of bonds are ionic and covalent bonds

  5. Chemical Bonds (Continued) • Ionic Bonds • Ions – positively or negatively charged atoms • Ionic bonds – are formed when ions (single or polyatomic cations(+ions) or anions(-ions)) gain or lose electrons to/from other atoms. Aka a transfer of electrons. • Covalent bonds • occur when molecules share electrons.

  6. Chemical Bonds (Continued) • Polar bonds – weak covalent bond resulting from an unequal charge distribution • Hydrogen bonds – a type of polar bond between water molecules created when the slightly positive charge of the H of one water molecule is attracted to the slight negative charge of the O on another water molecule • Results – gives water many unique properties like • Cohesion – stick to each other • Capillary Action – rises into narrow tubes (capillaries) • Surface Tension

  7. Inorganic vs. Organic Chemistry • Inorganic Chemistry pg37 • Nutrients and compouds that do no contain C and H as the main strucutre • Organic Chemistry pg42 • C based compounds containing H, O, and N • Why do we study? - They occur again and again in very different types of biological structures of humans

  8. Organic Chemistry • There are numerous of organic molecules, we will limit our focus to 4 categories of macromolecules (aka biomolecules) • All are polymers with repeating subunits. They are: • Carbohydrates – pg42-44 • Proteins – pg 49-53 • Lipids – pg 44-48 • Nucleic Acids – pg 54-6 • We need to identify the major parts of the subunits, describe the structure, and name a few important examples

  9. 4 Macromolecules Explained Carbohydrates (Complex) – a polymers of monosaccharides and disaccharides linked together by a dehydration reaction and arranged in chains, branched chains. They are broken down by hydrolysis. • Example(s): • Glucose – a monosaccharide • Glycogen - complex

  10. 4 Macromolecules Explained Proteins – are amino acids linked by a peptide bond called polypeptides (the primary structure) folded into complex 3-D shape that determines it function Secondary structures: α-helix and β-pleated sheets • Examples: • Enzymes – speed up chemical reactions • Muscle – actin and myosin fibers • Hair and nails – dead, keratinized cells

  11. Image of 3-D protein structure (Wikipedia)

  12. 4 Macromolecules Explained Lipids - are composed of long non-polar fatty acid tails/chains linked to a larger, polar molecule. These “tails” are long strings of hydrocarbons. Are consumed or made in the body (smooth ER) Individual chains can be unsaturated, monosaturated, or polysaturated • Examples: Steroids, Fat, Wax

  13. Complex Lipids (wikipedia)

  14. 4 Macromolecules Explained Nucleic Acids – made of nucleotides linked by a sugar and phosphate backbone. Nucleotides are composed of phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogen base. • DNA – nucleotides linked together by their complimentary nitrogenous base pairs in a double helix shape. Base pairs are Adenine-Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine. Sugar is deoxyribose. • RNA – nucleotides with base pairs exposed in a single helix. Thymine (T) replaced with U (uracil). Sugar is ribose.

  15. DNA and RNA (wikipedia)

  16. Cells – Cytology - Chapter 3 • Identify cell structures and cell organelles • Explain the function of key cell structures • Name and explain the events of the cell life cycle and mitosis

  17. Basic Cell Structure – Biology Review • Cells vary greatly in size, structure, appearance • 3 main parts going outside to in: • Plasma (cell) membrane • Cytoplasm • Nucleus • Make-up/function of 3 main parts above: • Phospholipid bilayer - selectively permeability • Cytosol - where cell activities metabolism occurs • Nuclear membrane/nucleolus – control center of cell

  18. Organelles – pg 64-5 Figure and Table 3-1 • There are many, we will focus on 8 – look at the function in the table and your cell concept map • 1. Golgi Apparatus/Body • 2. Mitochondria • 3. ER – smooth and rough • 4. Lysosomes • 5. Vessicles • 6. Centrosome • 7. Microtubules & Microfilaments • 8. Nucleus/Nucleolus

  19. Organelles – pg 65 Table 3-1 • There are many, we will focus on 8 – look at the function in the table and your cell concept map • 1. Sorts/transports proteins/other products • 2. ATP synthesis by cellular respiration • 3. (S) Lipid/carbohydrate synthesis and (R) protein • 4. destroy particles, microorganisms, damaged cells using enzymes • 5. transport substances in/out of cell in small sacs • 6. forms spindle for reproduction • 7. involved in movement & maintain shape of cell • 8. Control center/makes ribosomes

  20. Other Important Structures – pg 70-72 • Cilia – short hair-like structures on the cell surface to aid movement • Microvilli – short finger-like projections on the cell surface which increase the surface and aid in digestion • Ribosomes – (in cytoplasm or on rough.E.R.) – create proteins from the code of RNA

  21. Cell Transport • How do we get substances through the selectively permeable cell membrane? • Passive Transport(with the concentration gradient so no energy is required)OR Active Transport (against the concentration gradient so energy is required)

  22. Cell Transport – pg 85-94 • Types of Passive – high concentration to low • Diffusion –permeable molecules move through the membrane • Osmosis – is the diffusion of water • Facilitated Diffusion – movement using transmembrane proteins • Types of Active – low concentration to high • Endocytosis – process which engulfs particles and brings them into the cell • Exocytosis – process which expels particles out of the cell

  23. Cell Life Cycle and Mitosis pg 95 • Life cycle and mitosis overview • Interphase • Mitosis – Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase • Cytokinesis • Refer to your worksheets or book to reference key events which occur in each

  24. Tissues – Histology - Chapter 4 • Identify and classify the 5 categories of tissues given descriptions and examples • Name the type of tissue for key areas of the body • Contrast the 6 kinds of epithelial tissue

  25. 4 Categories of Tissues pg 107 • Tissue: a group of cells which share a common function(s) • Here are the four major categories of tissues • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nervous

  26. Epithelial Tissue see pg111 for images • Covers interior/exterior of the body, reproduce rapidly – not just “skin” • General Function: protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, sensory, perception • 6 subcategories – classified on shape and layers • Simple squamous • Simple cuboidal • Simple columnar • Stratified squamous • Psuedostratified columnar • Transitional

  27. Epithelial Tissue Continued • More details on each 6 subcategories • Simple squamous – single, thin, and flattened layer • Function: diffusion and filtration • Location: capillary walls, air sacs of lungs (alveoli) • Simple cuboidal – single layer, cube shaped • Function: secretion and absorption • Location: lines kidney, ducts of glands, surface of ovaries • Simple columnar – single layer, nuclei near base membrane, having goblet cells to secrete mucus • Location: digestive tract, uterus

  28. Epithelial Tissue Continued • More details on each 6 subcategories 4. Stratified squamous – thick, multi-layered • Protection • Location: lining of mouth, external part of body 5. Psuedostratified columnar – look layered but are single columnar, multi-nucleate, usuallylined w/cilia • Function: cilia-aided movement, secretion • Location: trachea, tubes of reproductive system 6. Transitional – thick layered, stretchable cuboidal cells • Location: bladder

  29. Connective Tissue • Must abundant tissue in the human body • Function: binds structures together, provides support, protection, framework, fills space, stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infection, and helps repair tissue • Subclasses of connective tissue: • Loose • Dense

  30. Connective Tissue (Continued)

  31. Muscle Tissue pg132 • Specialized for contraction • Function: movement of body parts/organs • Subcategories: • Striated – skeletal muscles, voluntary • Elongated, bundled into a fascicles, “striped” • Key parts: actin & myosin anchored to sarcomere • Smooth – involuntary • Line hollow organs of digestive system, move in wavelike fashion • Key parts: fusiform, has nucleus, actin & myosin anchored cell membrane • Cardiac – involuntary and voluntary

  32. Striated/Skeletal Muscle Tissue Overview (wikipedia)

  33. Smooth Muscle Structure Overview (wikipedia)

  34. Nervous • Found in brain and spinal cord (Central N.S.) • Also in nerves extending from CNS (Peripheral N.S.) • Do not typically regenerate • 2 kinds of nervous tissue: • Nuerons – transmit eletrochemical signals • Nueroglia– support/protect of neurons, provide nutrients to nuerons, remove old neurons

  35. Typical Neuron • Neuroglia – nearby, similar looking non-neuron helpers • Neuron – generic image (wikipedia)

  36. Summary of Key Topics • Inorganic Chemistry – basic atomic structure, types of bonds pg37-8 • Organic Chemistry – 4 macromolecules pgs 42-55 • Cells – structure, organelles, organelle function and identification • Cell Life Cycle and Mitosis • Tissues – 4 Major categories of tissues and subcategories, descriptions of each category, key examples in each

  37. Key Tables and Figures • Fig 2-20 Protein Structure • Fig 2-23 – Structure of Nucleic Acids • Table 2-7 – Top portion – RNA/DNA Comparison • Table 2-8 – Organic Compounds • Fig 3-1 and Table 3-1 Cell Anatomy & Organelles • Fig 3-10 The Nucleus • Fig 3-11 The Organization of DNA w/in the Nucleus • Fig 3-17 Osmotic Flow – 3 types of tonicity • Fig 3-25 IPMATC – Cell Life Cycle Overview

  38. Key Tables and Figures • Fig 4-3 and Fig 4-4 – Squamous, Cuboidal, and Transitional Epithelia • Fig 4-11 Dense Connective Tissues • Fig 4-12 Elements of Blood • Fig 4-15 Bone • Fig 4-18 Muscle Tissue – 3 types • Fig 4-19 Neural Tissue – nuerons and neuroganglia

More Related