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Chapter 3 BOT3015L Biology of Flowering Plants: Reproduction Flowers and Pollination

Chapter 3 BOT3015L Biology of Flowering Plants: Reproduction Flowers and Pollination. Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan All photos from Raven et al. Biology of Plants except when otherwise noted. Today. Introducing angiosperms, flower structure and function Pollination

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Chapter 3 BOT3015L Biology of Flowering Plants: Reproduction Flowers and Pollination

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  1. Chapter 3BOT3015LBiology of Flowering Plants: ReproductionFlowers and Pollination Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan All photos from Raven et al.Biology of Plants except when otherwise noted

  2. Today • Introducing angiosperms, flower structure and function • Pollination • Evolutionary trends in floral structure • Inflorescences • Monocots and dicots • Introducing angiosperms, flower structure and function • Pollination • Evolutionary trends in floral structure • Inflorescences • Monocots and dicots

  3. Angion=vessel Sperma=seed Angiosperms have seeds contained in a vessel (developing ovary) Saguaro cactus Flowers are distinguishing characteristics of angiosperms All fruits come from flowers Cherry Cattleya orchid Apple Sunflowers

  4. Flowers What are the functions of flowers? How are these functions important for the survival of species? Honeysuckle

  5. Notice the arrangement of the floral parts Flower dissectiona guided tour

  6. Carpels Stamens Petals Sepals Spiral arrangement of floral organs. Arrangement of floral organs in whorls. Arrangements of floral organs Primitive Advanced

  7. Flower dissectiona guided tour What are the functions of these floral parts? Note that the petals are inserted after the sepals

  8. In angiosperms, gametophytes are borne within the reproductive structures of the flower; thus flowers are important when discussing evolution of angiosperms Alternation of Generationsgeneralized plant life cycle

  9. stamen Flower dissectiona guided tour What are the functions of the stamens? Hint: collectively, the stamens are termed the androecium (andro=male, ecium=house). We will discuss the microgametophyte next week

  10. The stamens of most grasses (left) and the paper birch (right) are easily blown by wind. The flowers of most grasses do not have showy petals, why?

  11. Flower dissectiona guided tour Ovary, ovules (within ovary), style, and stigma comprise the carpel (megasporophyll) stamen What are the functions of the carpel? We will discuss more about the megagametophyte next week

  12. Requires pollination Alternation of Generationsgeneralized plant life cycle In angiosperms, gametophytes are born within the reproductive structures of the flower; thus flowers are important when discussing evolution of angiosperms

  13. Today • Introducing angiosperms, flower structure and function • Pollination • Evolutionary trends in floral structure • Inflorescences • Monocots and dicots

  14. Pollination In angiosperms, movement of the microgametophyte (pollen grain) to the megagametophyte in the ovule of the carpel How does a sessile organism, the microgametophyte in the case of angiosperms move? Vectors In the following discussion, notice the co-evolution of flowers and their biotic vectors

  15. Some plants make big investments in attracting animal pollination vectors Nectar Notice the pollen on the hummingbird’s forehead and the stigma that touches it as he feeds

  16. Some plants make big investments in attracting animal pollination vectors Pollen Seat bee gathering pollen from the stamens of a cactus flower

  17. Some plants make big investments in attracting animal pollination vectors Drugs (Intoxication) Cypridium sp. Koning, Ross E. 1994. Pollination Adaptations. Plant Physiology Information Website. http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/Plants_Human/pollenadapt.html. (5-25-105).

  18. Some plants make big investments in attracting animal pollination vectors Prospect of Sex (pseudocopulation) photonature-pvd.chez.tiscali.fr/ ophrys.htm Ophrys bécasse Charente Ophrys speculum

  19. Plants that rely on wind make big investments in pollen Notice the stigmas that fan out to easily catch pollen birch grass

  20. Pollination Biology movie

  21. Today • Introducing angiosperms, flower structure and function • Pollination • Evolutionary trends in floral structure • Inflorescences • Monocots and dicots

  22. Evolutionary Trends in Floral Structure 1. Reduction in number of parts

  23. Perfect and Imperfect flowers From Outlaw lecture

  24. Evolutionary Trends in Floral Structure Reduction in number of parts 2. Cyclic arrangement (vs. spiral) 3. Fusion of organs

  25. Fusion of floral parts Outlaw lecture notes Angel trumpet has fused petals that form a floral tube

  26. Fusion of organs Danielle Sherdan NE Tallahassee, FL Notice the stamens fused to the carpel of this hibiscus flower

  27. Fusion of floral partsSuperior and Inferior ovaries Advanced Primitive Superior ovary (primitive)—note typical appearance of order of insertion of floral parts. Inferior, floral tube fused to ovary wall, making ovary appear to arise below other floral parts. Superior, parts still appear to arise in normal order.

  28. Evolutionary Trends in Floral Structure Reduction in number of parts 2. Cyclic arrangement (vs. spiral) 3. Fusion of organs 4. Away from marginal placentation

  29. Primitive Advanced Within each ovule, double fertilization, a distinguishing characteristic of angiosperms, produces the zygote and endosperm. Marginal Seeds attached to margin of single carpel Placentation Fusion of carpels Parietal The ovary develops into the fruit, another distinguishing characteristic of angiosperms Axile Free central

  30. Evolutionary Trends in Floral Structure Reduction in number of parts 2. Cyclic arrangement (vs. spiral) 3. Fusion of organs 4. Away from marginal placentation 5. Away from regularity e.g. toward bilateral symmetry over radial symmetry

  31. Bilateral and Radial Symmetry This wintergreen displays radial symmetry, which is primitive, but fused carpels, which is advanced This orchid, an advanced monocot, displays bilateral symmetry

  32. Today • Introducing angiosperms, flower structure and function • Pollination • Evolutionary trends in floral structure • Inflorescences • Monocots and dicots

  33. Groups of flowers in particular arrangements Inflorescences Some examples Lupine

  34. Groups of flowers in particular arrangements Inflorescences What is a fitness advantage of having inflorescences? What is a fitness disadvantage of having inflorescences?

  35. Groups of flowers in particular arrangements Inflorescences Notice that these composites display many evolutionarily advanced characteristics

  36. Today • Introducing angiosperms, flower structure and function • Pollination • Evolutionary trends in floral structure • Inflorescences • Monocots and dicots

  37. Observe today Monocots and Dicotsthe two major groups of angiosperms Monocots and dicots have several differentiating characteristics Number of cotyledons Leaf venation Number of flower parts Seed structure at maturity In your lab notebook, create a table to contrast these traits in monocots and dicots Function of cotyledons Root structure Secondary growth in shoot Arrangement of vascular bundles

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