Chapter 13, Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive p. 458-463

1. Chapter 13, Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survivep. 458-463 As settlers pour into the West, Native Americans struggle to maintain their way of life.

2. People of the Plains Main Idea: Native Americans of the Plains rely on buffalo to meet many basic needs. Map of the Plains Native Americans • European arrival transforms lives • Horses & guns allow nomadic life • Migrate with buffalo • Carry belongings on travois -sleds • Live in tepees - cone shaped tents made of buffalo skin • Buffalo big part of life & survival FOOD, CLOTHING, & SHELTER • Division of labor - Women manage village life: food, clothes, kids… • Men are hunters & warriors • Buffalo hunting devastates the Native American way of life • One white hunter might kill 2,000 buffalo in a month.

3. Broken Treaties Main Idea: Treaties to protect Native American lands are quickly broken and wars break out. Fort Laramie, Wyoming Fort Laramie Treaty (1851) U.S. promises to respect Native landclaims Native Americans promise safe passage for American settlers traveling to Oregon U.S. breaks treaty when GOLD is discovered at Pike’s Peak, Colorado. This ignites an era of WAR…

4. Sand Creek Massacre(1864) • After some resistance, Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle promises to keep the peace. - Flies a white flag • U.S. Colonel John Chivington orders the attack at Sand Creek, Colorado • Chivington ignores a white flag, “Kill and scalp all, big and little,” • “I saw the bodies of those lying there cut all to pieces, worse mutilated than any I ever saw before; the women cut all to pieces ... With knives; scalped; their brains knocked out; children two or three months old; all ages lying there, from infants up to warriors ... By whom were they mutilated? By the United States troops ...” - Soldier John S. Smith testifying before Congress, 1865 Massacre at Sand Creek, CO Nov 29, 1864 John Chivington

5. Buffalo Soldiers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eksV02us5DQ • Among the most feared U.S. soldiers • African-American regiment forms in 1866 • Veterans of the Civil War • Elite of the U.S. Army • Serve on the Plains for over 20 years • Earn 19 medals of honor during Indian Wars • Fight under “Black Jack” Pershing in Spanish/American War Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th U.S. Cavalry Buffalo Soldier monument Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

6. General George Armstrong Custer • Hero from Civil War • Finishes dead last in his West Pt. graduating class (1861) • Amassed a record-total of 726 demerits • Becomes a General at 23 • Defeats J.E.B. Stuart at Gettysburg • Arrogant & glory-seeking • Becomes a Western Legend in death • His death, along with his men, becomes a rallying cry to exterminate Native Americans. General George Custer (1839-1876)

7. Last Stand of Custer and the Sioux Main Idea: Warfare continues even as some Native American nations try to adapt to life on reservations “Custer’s Last Stand” • Sioux forced onto a reservation • land set aside for Native Americans to live on • Gold discovered in the Black Hills, S.D. reservation (Deadwood) • Miners pour into area • U.S. Army 7th Cavalry sent to secure Black Hills for white miners • 600 U.S. Soldiers vs. 2000 Sioux Warriors at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, MT • Custer and ALL 268 of his men are slaughtered • Custer attacks even though he knows his troops are out numbered almost 10 to 1

8. Sitting Bull • Sioux religious leader • The Sioux call themselves the Lakota • Leads Sioux, along with Crazy Horse,against Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn • Even though Little Bighorn was a great victory, Sitting Bull knew the Sioux could not win the war. • No European help since the War of 1812

9. The Ghost Dance • Religious movement to bring back Native American way of life • Praying for 3 things: • Return of buffalo • Return of ancestors • Whites to disappear • Sitting Bull & the Sioux become involved • Fearing a Sioux uprising, Sitting Bull is killed while being arrested. The Ghost Dance

10. Table Question: How would you react to the Ghost Dance and the death of Sitting Bull if you were: The Sioux? The U.S Government? The Ghost dance

11. Battle (Massacre) at Wounded Knee December 29, 1890 • Sioux flee reservation, get to Wounded Knee Creek • U.S. Army catches up & confronts fleeing Sioux - 200 are slaughtered • Only 30 Cavalry are killed (Some from Custer’s 7th Cavalry) • All large scale organized resistance against the U.S. ends at Wounded Knee Creek, SD The frozen Body of Chief Spotted Elk, (aka. Chief Bigfoot), left in the snow after the Massacre at Wounded Knee

12. Other Efforts at Resistance Main Idea: Efforts by Native Americans to preserve their traditional way of life did not succeed. “I will fight no more forever.” - Chief Joseph of the Nez Perces • Chief Joseph& the Nez Percés (Northwest) attempt to escape to Canada, • Captured and forced back onto the reservation • Navajos raid white settlements in the Southwest • Defeated by U.S. Army and sent on the “Long Walk” • Suffer years of hunger & disease • The Apaches • From the Southwest • Their most famous leader….

13. Geronimo • Apache warrior fights against the U.S. & Mexico in Arizona • Captured many times, but escapes every time • Thrives in conflict and fighting against his enemies • Finally surrenders in 1886 • Sent to reservation in OK

14. The Failure of Reform Main Idea: The Dawes Act encouraged Native Americans to become farmers, but it failed. Senator Henry Dawes • Calls for Reform: many spoke out for Native American rights • Dawes General Allotment Act: hoped to improve Native Am. life • Promises each family 160 acres of land • Promises single adults 80 acres • Promises U.S. citizenship to all Indians living on the reservation • Federal government sells off all unassigned lands • Citizenship never issued • Federal gov. claims more land through the Dawes Act than all of the Indian Wars combined Helen Hunt Jackson

15. Native Americans Move to Reservations p. 461

16. Table Question: Why do you think Americans broke so many treaties with Native Americans? Broken promises