How did Tonga and Thailand avoid colonisation?

1. Colonialism Tonga and Thailand How did Tonga and Thailand avoid colonisation?

2. Structure • Define: Colonisation • Introduce primary source • Show Tonga’s relation with primary source • Show why Tonga is believed to have escaped direct colonialism • Show how Thailand escaped colonialism • Conclude

4. Primary Source

5. Tonga in the Pacific http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/oceania/to.htm

6. The kingdom of Tonga http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/oceania/to.htm

7. Protectorate: the relation of a strong state toward a weaker state or territory that it protects and partly controls. Colony: as any people or territory separated from but subject to a ruling power.

8. Article II The government of the united kingdom shall have full and sole responsibility for, and for the conduct of, the external relations of the kingdom of Tonga, with the united nations, with all international organisations of which neither the united kingdom nor the kingdom of Tonga is for the time being a member, with respect to defence, with respect to establishment matters, merchant shipping and civil aviation (Pacific Archive Texts, 2006).

9. Religious Colonisation • 1820: British Missionaries came to Tonga • Rapid spread of Christianity throughout Tongan Islands • 1773: Captain cook arrives in Tonga and creates the name “The Friendly Islands” • Tongan leaders had Christian advisors whom lived in western parts of the world • Queen Salote’s uses two missionaries, Page and Wood to bring together two Methodist churches.

10. Thailand – Colonial Era

11. Sanctions on Foreigners and their goods… • Foreigners couldn’t purchase land because the government refused natives permission to sell land to them • Foreigners weren’t given permission to travel freely through Thailand and were liable to be arrested for no reason • Foreigners could rent land but it was usually at an exorbitant cost • Trade was monopolised by the king; whose representatives would purchase imported goods for a non-negotiable, set price • Anyone who purchased goods outside of this set-up were charged with treason

12. Bowring Treaty (1855) • Established a trade relationship between Great Britain and Thailand • Opened Thailand up to foreign trade • Extra-territorial rights were granted to British subjects • British subjects were given the right to free trade in Thai ports • British subjects were also given rights to reside and trade in Thailand without oppression • Rights were also given to allow British citizens to purchase land • A fixed 3% duty was placed on imports and exports • British merchants were also given the right to buy direct from producers and sell goods direct to consumers

13. French ultimatums to Thailand As outlined in Dhiravegin L., 1941, Siam and Colonialism (1855-1909) An analysis of Diplomatic Relations, Thai Watana Panich, Bangkok. • Thailand renounced claims to territories left of Mekong • Thailand was prohibited from having armed vessels on the Mekong and Great Lake. • Thailand was prohibited from establishing fortifications and military forces in Battambong, Siemrat and within 25km of right bank of Mekong • No Custom duties were to be established in the areas outlined above, unless agreed to by France • Thailand was to provide every service to help France develop navigation along the Mekong • French Consuls were allowed to be established anywhere

14. Key Points • The negotiation and signing of treaties was an important part of helping both Tonga and Thailand avoid colonisation • Tonga managed to escape colonisation through The Friendship Treaty. • Thailand, however, retained independence but had a far more difficult time avoiding colonisation.

15. In conclusion… Both Tonga and Thailand avoided colonisation, but only Thailand remained truly independent.

16. Bibliography • Bruce, A. (1969) King Mongkut of Siam and his treaty with Britain – Journal of the Royal Asiatic society Hong Kong branch, Volume 9, Hong Kong, (P. 82-100) sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401151.pdf • Brummelhuis, H.T. (1987) Merchant, Courtier and diplomat: A history of the contacts between The Netherlands and Thailand, Lochem, The Royal Netherlands Embassy • Campbell I.C., 2004, “Tongan Development and Pacific Island Security Issues”, in Jim Rolfe (ed.),The Asia Pacific: a Region in Transition, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (APCSS), Honolulu, pp. 335-354, viewed 21st September, http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/RegionalFinal%20chapters/Chapter20Campbell.pdf • Dhiravegin L., 1941, Siam and Colonialism (1855-1909) An analysis of Diplomatic Relations, Thai WatanaPanich, Bangkok.

17. Bibliography • Pacific Archive Texts (2006) Treaty of friendship between Great Britain and Tonga viewed 29th September 2011 (p810-817)http://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/library/online/texts/Pacific_archive/Tonga/1%20Treaty%20of%20Friendship%20between%20Great%20Britain%20and%20Tonga,%2029%20November%201879.PDF • Shutler R.J., Burley D.V., Dickinson W.R. et. Al, 1994 “Early Lapita Sites, the Colonisation of Tonga and Recent Data from Northern Ha'apai”, Carlson Archaeology in Oceania, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 53-68 viewed 29th September 2011, Published by: Oceania Publications, University of Sydney • Suren, P. (2001) Essays on the history of the discovery and exploration of Tonga by the Europeans, Nuku ' alofa, Kingdom of Tonga • Unknown, 21 Oct. 2006, LoveToKnow Corp., California, viewed 29th Sept. 2011 http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Siam • Wood A.H., 1952, History and Geography of Tonga, Wilson & Horton, Auckland. • Wright A., 1908, Twentieth Century Impressions of Siam, Unwin Brothers, London.