KIP/ASVT

1. KIP/ASVT 20010/11 Revision lesson

2. Basic features of science • public: scientific knowledge is subject to public scrutiny. Most of scientific knowledge is published in more than 70.000 journals. Important discoveries are explained by media. • historic: scientific knowledge is rooted in the past. This historical aspect is ensures the continuity. • reproducible: Scientific discoveries are not isolated events. Their validity is verified and proved by repeating the same or similar experiments. • provisional: scientific knowledge develops and is only temporary. All scientific laws are subject to changes, there is no ultimate truth in science. • probabilistic: Interpretation of experiments is based on mathematical models. Experimental data are interpreted using probabilistic models. • Ideals of science: skepticism, communication, reproducibility

3. Scientific logic Often used iteratively: ... =>  general => special=> general => special=> ...

4. Necessity of control • peer review • blind experiment - placebo • double blind: even the experimenter does not know who gets placebo • scientific integrity and ethics • truth and beauty

5. Technology • Process that, based on explicit or implicit phase of research and development (through application of scientific knowledge), makes possible commercial production of goods and/or services.

6. Basic steps of creative process • identification of a problem or of a task • collecting data and information, accumulation of knowledge and their classification • generating solutions • selecting optimum solution • implementing solution • monitoring, control

7. Technological progress

8. Four waves of civilization

9. Obstacles on the road to information society • information itself • its growing volume and difficulties of its organization and structure • quality • reliability, credibility • morale and ethics: easy availability of data and their mining can be misused, therefore especially personal data must be protected against misuse by • the state - danger of Orwell's "Big Brother" • unauthorized, commercial or criminal purposes, loss of personal privacy (health and personal property records, misuse in hiring employees, insurance policies, etc.)

10. human factor: people cannot be easily "upgraded", their absorption capacity is limited • education • rigid educational system, too narrow specializations, certification • access to educational resources are not any more localized, technology supports distance, lifelong learning • broadband connection of schools and public libraries to Internet

11. Internet and education • broad availability of resources, Internet as the largest encyclopedia • easy access, growing volume of professional journals available online, full-text • e-learning, blended learning

12. e-learning • Advantages: • choice of place and time for learning • application of multimedia • lowering expenses on travel and accommodation • easy and fast actualization of study materials • easy course management (learning management systems, LMS) • communication (synchronous - chat, videoconferencing, asynchronous - mail, discussion groups), feedback • quality control • Disadvantages: • not suitable for mastering manual skills • missing personal contact, "human touch" (education has strong social role)

13. Information as a production factor

14. High quality information • precise - does not contain errors, is clear and reflects meaning of data on which it is based • timely - the required information is available when it is needed • relevant - it answers questions: What? Why? Where? When? Who? How? • adequate (with reasonable redundancy) and understandable

15. Knowledge • Knowledge is more than knowing something technical. • Knowledge management as one of the management disciplines • Tacit vs. explicit knowledge

16. Risks involved in working with information • it is not always possible to identify and verify information source • files can be damaged by chance or intentionally (hackers) • secure transfer not always guaranteed - be careful when working with personal or confidential information, use secure protocols, encoding, digital signatures • data can be damaged during transfer (only rarely) • your activities can be monitored without your knowledge and consent • increased possibility of virus infection - use antivirus and spam protection

17. To work with information is risky and sometimes expensive. • However, to work without information is even more risky and expensive.

18. Intranet • other users: intranet users are company employees familiar with organization structure, professional jargon, etc. • intranet is used for routine daily applications and contains specific, often quite complex, applications • intranet contains other type of documents: drafts, project documentation, information on human and other resources and similar, often sensitive and confidential information; externally the company publishes usually mainly marketing information

19. the volume of information in intranet is usually several orders of magnitude higher than that of information published on public Internet pages • technical background: bandwidth of internal lines used by intranet is often much higher, data transfers are therefore faster and it is possible to use rich graphics and multimedia. Hardware and software is usually quite uniform and you need not pay too much attention to compatibility of different platforms. • style of intranet pages should be standardized

20. Extranet • Access to extranet is provided to selected business partners, who can then directly connect to information system of your business. Typical applications are: tracing orders, price lists and catalogues. • As the extranet users access it quite frequently, you can train them to use special applications, which then can be quite complex. However, be careful - the typical user (as a salesman) usually works with several other extranets and should not be overburdened with broad variety of requirements

21. Systems approach Systems approach: way of thinking and problem solving based on complex treatment of phenomena and processes, taking into account both internal and external links. Methodical objective: understand, appropriately formulate and solve a problem Tools: models, simulation

22. Basics of system approach • System is more than the sum of its parts • We analyze the system to be able to predict its behaviour • The main purpose of the system is that in favour of which we can sacrifice other objectives. • Every system is an information system: it must analyze the flow of information • It may be advisable to decompose complex system into subsystems, which are then treated individually and in the end again as one whole. • System is a dynamic network of interconnected elements. The change in one element results in changes other elements. • The system boundary can change according to the goal of the analysis.

23. Systems – basic concepts 1 • system – set of elements and their mutual links that exhibit specific behaviour as a whole • structure – way of arrangement of elements and their links • subsystem – subset of elements with stronger or more numerous links • environment – elements not belonging to the system, but having links to its elements (however weaker then within the system) • input – action from the environment to the system • output - action from the system to its environment • process – transformation input output

24. Systems – basic concepts 2 • feedback – link monitoring outputs and feeding information to input • closed system - system without inputs and outputs (not interacting with its environment) • open system – has inputs and outputs, exchanges mass, energy, information with its environment • static system – neither system nor its elements change with time • dynamic system - system and/or its elements change in time • control, regulation – evaluation of inputs, processes and output and doing changes

25. System with feedback • negative – system stabilization • positive – amplification of the response Try to find examples of both kinds of feedback INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM FEEDBACK

26. R&D • Basic research: activity of scientists focused on uncovering of secrets of nature, without any direct applications. It is usually - at least in part - financed from public resources. • Applied research: brings discoveries of basic research to be useful in specific applications. • Development: consists of steps necessary to implement new or modified products and processes in production.

27. Discovery • Discovery is the observation of new phenomena, new actions, or new events and providing new reasoning to explain the knowledge gathered through such observations with previously acquired knowledge from abstract thought and everyday experience. • Some discoveries lead to invention of object, process, or techniques. • A discovery may sometimes be based on earlier discoveries, collaborations or ideas, and the process of discovery requires at least the awareness that an existing concept or method can be modified or transformed. However, some discoveries also represent a radical breakthrough in knowledge. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_(observation)

28. Serendipity • Serendipity is the effect by which one accidentally discovers something fortunate, especially while looking for something else entirely.

29. Invention • An invention is a new composition, device, or process. Some inventions are based on pre-existing models or ideas and others are radical breakthroughs. Inventions can extend the boundaries of human knowledge or experience. • An invention that is novel and not obvious to those who are skilled in the same field may be able to obtain the legal protection of a patent. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention

30. R&D LABORATORIES • Company laboratories • Government laboratories • Independent laboratories • Research consortia • University laboratories

31. R&D MANAGEMENT • Value based analysis, cost-benefit analysis • Project management – CPM, PERT, ToC • Stage-gate process

32. R&D in EU 2007 - 2013 • Framework programs • CIP • Structural Funds - R&D&I • Innovation scorecard

33. R&D, Innovation and Knowledge Management

34. Innovation impulses - Internal environment Own R&D • Technical divisions – design, technology • Production divisions (production, provision of services) • Marketing and sales • Logistics (purchase and supplies) • Guarantee and post-guarantee service • Owners

35. Customers Suppliers Competitors Consultants, R&D institutions Schools, universities Professional publications, Internet Exhibitions, fairs, specialized seminars and conferences Advertising agencies Investors Media Authorized testing laboratories, certification agencies State institutions, public sector Legislation Globalization Innovation impulses - External environment

36. MARKET PULL - R&D PUSH • Market pull • looking for the best way of satisfying a newly emerging customer demand • improvement of the existing products, extension of the existing offer or decrease of price • impulses for continuous, incremental innovations or for process innovations • Research and development push • looking for commercial use of new impulses resulting from the R&D results • generating of new markets for conceptually different products

37. 7 SOURCES (Drucker) INTERNAL • unexpected event • contradiction • change of work process • change in the structure of industry or market EXTERNAL • Demographic changes • Changes in the world view • New knowledge

38. Categories of innovations • Sustaining– better products, can be sold for higher prices to demanding customers; incumbents win • Disruptive – commercialization of simpler, more user-friendly products, which are cheaper and targeted for new or less demanding customers; newcomers win

39. Clayton M. Christensen: The Innovator's Solution, Harvard Business Press, 2003

40. Clayton M. Christensen: The Innovator's Solution, Harvard Business Press, 2003

42. Innovation and new product development • Innovation is critical to success • The product life cycle is getting shorter and shorter, new products must me introduced ever more frequently. • The lead time between new product idea and its introduction to the market must be as short as possible • The design-push approach must be changed to market-pull • The excellent new product is the necessary condition for success, but it does not guarantee it.

43. Four cornerstones of the design-driven cost reduction • Process discipline (stage-gate) • Target setting and transparent monitoring • Cross-functional organization removing organizational barriers and fostering collaboration and creativity • Management commitment

44. Stage-gate

45. Open innovation • Growing mobility of highly experienced and skilled people • Growing number of new firms commercialize external research and successfully compete with large, established companies. • Time to market is getting ever shorter and customers are more knowledgeable and more demanding. • Open innovation assumes that companies use external as well as internal ideas and both external and internal ways to market, and that internal ideas can be taken to the

46. LIMITS TO GROWTH, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

47. Global issues (Club of Rome) • Environment • Demography • Development aid • Value system • Governance • Labour • Information society • New technologies • Education • New global society • World economic and financial order

48. Human numbers through time

49. Energy consumption vs. GDP

50. Energy resources • Average growth of energy consumption: 3% a year - doubling each 25 years • about 50% industry, 50% households • fossil fuels: 67% (coal 38%, gas 17%, oil 12%) • nuclear: 17%. • renewables: 16%, mainly water, others about 1%