Cost Accounting and Job Costing Systems

1. Lecture 6 COSTING SYSTEMS 1 Job Costing Reference:Course Text Chapter 2

2. Study Objectives (re-cap) • Explain the characteristics and purposes of cost accounting. • Describe the flow of costs in a JOB ORDER cost accounting system • Explain the nature and importance of a JOB COST SHEET

3. CHAPTER 2 JOB ORDER COST ACCOUNTING • Indicate how the predetermined overhead rate is determined and used. • Prepare entries for jobs completed and sold. • Distinguish between under- and over-applied manufacturing overhead. Study Objectives : Continued

4. COST 1. ACCUMULATION 2. ASSIGNMENT Cost object COST POOL Cost object Cost object

5. COST 1. ACCUMULATION 2. ASSIGNMENT Job 001 Production Dept Job 002 Job 00

6. JOB ORDER COST FLOWSOverview

7. ASSIGNING MANUFACTURING COSTS TO WORK IN PROCESSStudy Objective 2 • Manufacturing costs are assigned to work in process with • Debits to Work in Process Inventory • Credits to • Raw Materials Inventory • Factory Labor • Manufacturing Overhead • Entries assigning costs to work in process are usually made monthly

8. ASSIGNING MANUFACTURING COSTS TO WORK IN PROCESSStudy Objective 3 Job cost sheet Used to record the costs of a specific job. Used to determine the total and unit costs of a completed job. Is asubsidiary ledger account – to thework-in process inventory account[the control account] Postings to job cost sheets are made daily.

9. Job cost sheet

10. Raw Materials Cost • Assigned to a job when materials are issued. • A materials requisition slip - the written authorization for issuing raw materials. • Is the source document for posting to job cost sheets &W.I.P Inventory

11. Raw Materials Cost • Posted daily to individual job cost sheets and periodically journalized. Example: If $24,000 of direct materials and $6,000 of indirect materials are used in January, the entry is

12. Factory Labor Cost • Assigned to jobs on the basis of time tickets or time sheets • Is the source document for posting to job cost sheets &W.I.P Inventory • Time tickets indicate • Employee • Hours worked • Account and job charged • Total labor cost

14. Example: Wallace Manufacturing incurs $32,000 of factory labor costs, of which $27,000 relates to wages payable and $5,000 relates to payroll taxespayable in January.

15. Example: If the $32,000 total factory labor cost incurred consists of $28,000 ofdirectlabor and $4,000 ofindirectlabor, the entry is • Factory Labor is left with a zero balance.

16. ASSIGNING MANUFACTURING COSTS TO WORK IN PROCESS –Manufacturing OverheadStudy Objective 4 • Relates to production operations as a whole • Cannot be assigned to specific jobs based on actual costs incurred • Must be assigned to work in process and to specific jobs on an estimated basis through the use of a Predetermined Overhead Rate

17. ASSIGNING MANUFACTURING COSTS TO WORK IN PROCESS –Manufacturing Overhead • ACCUMULATION 2. ASSIGNMENT =>predet. o/h rate Job 001 Estimated total overhead cost Job 002 Job 00

18. Manufacturing Overhead Predetermined Overhead Rate Based on the relationship between estimated annual overhead costs and expected annual operating activity. Expressed in terms of an activity base such as • Direct labor costs • Direct labor hours • Machine hours, or • Any other activity that is an equitable base for applying overhead costs to jobs

19. Manufacturing Overhead Predetermined Overhead Rate • Established at the beginning of the year. • May use a single, company-wide predetermined rate. • OR - May use a different rate for each department and each department may have a different activity base. • The formula for a predetermined overhead rate is

20. ASSIGNING MANUFACTURING COSTS TO WORK IN PROCESS –Manufacturing Overhead Example: At Wallace Manufacturing, direct labor cost is the activity base. Estimated annual costs: Overhead costs $280,000 Direct labor costs$350,000 The overhead rateis $280,000 ÷ $350,000 = 80% of direct labor cost

21. Overhead applied for Januaryis :$28,000 [Actual DL cost] X 80% = $22,400 and is recorded through the following entry :

22. ASSIGNING MANUFACTURING COSTS TO WORK IN PROCESS - At the End of Each Month The balance in Work in Process Inventory should equal the sum of the costs shown on the job cost sheets of unfinished jobs.

23. ASSIGNING COSTS TO FINISHED GOODSStudy Objective 5 • When a job is completed, the costs are summarized and the job cost sheet is completed.

24. ASSIGNING COSTS TO FINISHED GOODS • The entry for Wallace Manufacturing to transfer its total cost to finished goods:

25. ASSIGNING COSTS TO FINISHED GOODS • The entry for Wallace Manufacturing to transfer its total cost to finished goods:

26. ASSIGNING COSTS TO FINISHED GOODS • Inventory remains in Finished Goods Inventory until it is sold. • Cost of goods sold is recognized when a sale occurs.

27. ASSIGNING COSTS TO FINISHED GOODS Example: On January 31 Wallace Manufacturing sells Job No. 101, costing $39,000, for $50,000. The entries are:

28. ASSIGNING COSTS TO FINISHED GOODS Example: On January 31 Wallace Manufacturing sells Job No. 101, costing $39,000, for $50,000. The entries are:

29. SUMMARY OF JOB ORDER COST FLOWS

30. REPORTING JOB COST DATA • The cost of goods manufactured schedule now shows manufacturing overhead appliedrather than actual overhead costs. • Applied overhead is added to direct materials and direct labor to determine total manufacturing costs

31. UNDER- OR OVERAPPLIED MANUFACTURING OVERHEADStudy Objective 6 • A debit balance in manufacturing overhead means that overhead is underapplied. • Overhead assigned to work in process is less than overhead incurred. • A credit balance in manufacturing overhead means that overhead is overapplied. • Overhead assigned to work in process is greater than overhead incurred.

32. UNDER- OR OVERAPPLIED MANUFACTURING OVERHEAD • Any year-end balance in Manufacturing Overhead is eliminated by adjusting cost of goods sold. • Underapplied overhead is debited to COGS • Overapplied overhead iscredited to COGS • Example: Wallace Mfg. has a $2,500credit balance in Manufacturing Overhead at December 31. The adjusting entry for the overapplied overheadis

33. UNDER- OR OVERAPPLIED MANUFACTURING OVERHEAD • If over/under applied M.O. is significant => should be allocated/pro-rated among • W.I.P Inventory (end) • Finished Goods Inventory (end) • and COGS

34. AF102 END OF LECTURE 6