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Title: 10 words

Title: 10 words. variables relationship. Abstract: 191 words. purpose. groups. results. 2 nd exp purpose results. discussion data new concept. Place navigation requires access to distal but not proximal cues. Title: 10 words. variables. Abstract: 190 words.

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Title: 10 words

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  1. Title: 10 words variables relationship Abstract: 191 words purpose groups results 2nd exp purpose results discussion data new concept

  2. Place navigation requires access to distal but not proximal cues Title: 10 words variables Abstract: 190 words Previous studies suggest that rats use distal (extra-maze) cues to navigate spatial mazes. However, proximal (intra-maze) cues are often present and may help guide spatial behavior. The present study introduces a new spatial maze paradigm that minimizes the potential use of proximal cues. In the first experiment, a 2 x 2 design (cue type x goal placement) was used to compare escape performance (DV) in the presence of proximal versus distal cues with a goal platform located at a fixed versus randomly placed location in a large circular pool of opaque water. In the second experiment, three groups were tested using novel start locations to determine whether behavior was guided by angular relations or distal cues. The results show that rats learn the ‘place’ of the goal platform using the relations among distal cues without the presence of local cues or when a stable angular trajectory from start to goal is possible. These results support the cognitive mapping theory of spatial navigation. Further studies should be conducted to determine whether the underlying neural substrate of such place navigation is the hippocampus, as recently suggested by O’Keefe & Nadel (1978). purpose background problem 1st exp design groups variables 2nd exp purpose groups results discussion interpretation theory next study

  3. Methodsubjectsapparatusprocedure

  4. Experiment 1 Groups: 1) cue + place, 2) place, 3) cue only, 4) place-random Platform type Platform placement

  5. Escape Acquisition

  6. Escape acquisition swim paths

  7. Test A: probe test

  8. Test B: platform moved to opposite quadrant

  9. Experiment 2 All groups – 15 trials (W start pt. platform NW quad.) Groups: 1) same-place, 2) new-place, 3) control NW same-place new-place W All rats: 15 trials control

  10. Experiment 2 results

  11. First trial of group test

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