1 / 47

AMD K-6 Processor Evaluation

AMD K-6 Processor Evaluation. Registers. AMD-K6 Registers. General purpose registers Segment registers Floating point registers MMX registers EFLAGS register. Continue. Control registers Task register Debug registers Test registers Descriptor/memory registers

dacian
Download Presentation

AMD K-6 Processor Evaluation

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. AMD K-6 Processor Evaluation

  2. Registers

  3. AMD-K6 Registers • General purpose registers • Segment registers • Floating point registers • MMX registers • EFLAGS register

  4. Continue... • Control registers • Task register • Debug registers • Test registers • Descriptor/memory registers • Model-specific registers (MSRs)-Model 6

  5. General-Purpose Registers • 8 32-bit general-purpose registers • EAX • EBX • ECX

  6. Continue • EDX • EDI • ESI • ESP • EBP

  7. Segment registers • 6 16-bit segment registers • Used as pointers to areas (segments) of memory • CS • DS • ES

  8. Continue • FS • GS • SS

  9. Floating-Point Registers • 8 80-bit numeric floating point registers • Help the floating-point execution unit • Labeled FPR0–FPR7

  10. MMX Registers • 8 64-bit MMX registers • Used by multimedia software

  11. EFLAGS Register • Provides for three different types of flags • System flags • Control flag • Status flags

  12. Control Registers • 5 control registers • Contain system control bits and pointers

  13. Task Register • Contains a pointer to the Task State Segment of the current task

  14. Debug Registers • 8 Debug registers • Labled DR0-DR7

  15. Descriptors • Define, protect, and isolate code segments, data segments, task state segments, and gates

  16. Memory Management Registers • The AMD-K6 processor controls segmented memory management with 4 registers: • Global Descriptor Table Register • Interrupt Descriptor Table Register • Local Descriptor Table Register • Task Register

  17. Model-Specific Registers (MSR) • 5 MSRs • Machine Check Address Register (MCAR) • Machine Check Type Register (MCTR) • Test Register 12 (TR12) • Time Stamp Counter (TSC) • Write Handling Control Register (WHCR)

  18. MCAR and MCTR • Both are 64-bit • The AMD-K6 processor does not support the generation of a machine check exception, so these are used MCAR and MCTR are used instead

  19. Test Register 12 • Disable the L1 caches

  20. Time Stamp Counter (TSC) • 16-bit • The time stamp counter (TSC) MSR is incremented by the processor with each process or clock cycle

  21. Write Handling Control Register (WHCR) • Contains three fields: WCDE bit, Write Allocate Enable Limit (WAELIM) field, and the Write Allocate Enable 15-to-16-Mbyte (WAE15M) bit

  22. CPU SPEED

  23. CPU SPEED • Very fast under Windows NT 4.0 • The 32-bit performance is excellent • Runs Windows 95 faster than the Intel Pentium MMX

  24. Continue • Good choice for a great gaming machine • Good engine for running Microsoft Office, surfing the net, and checking email

  25. Continue • If Windows NT is the primary operating system, the AMD K6 should be considered as a low cost but good performing alternative to a Pentium Pro or Pentium II

  26. CPU Type: RISC86

  27. RISC86 Superscalar Microarchitecture RISC86 microarchitecture - Internally translates x86 instructions into RISC86 operations x86 Instructions - 1 to 15 bytes RISC86 opcodes - simpler fixed-length Superscalar operation - multiple decode, execution, and retirement Centralized Schedule Buffer/ Instruction Control Unit Buffers and manages up to 24 RISC86 operations at one time Equates to 12 x86 instructions Multiple Decoders Buffer can receive up to 4 RISC86 operations from decoders in 1 clock 7 Parallel Execution Units Buffer can issue up to 6 RISC86 operations to execution units in 1 clock

  28. x86 Instruction Categories (Short and Long Decodes) Short Decode Common x86 instructions  7 bytes in length Produce  1 RISC86 operations 2 processed per clock Processed completely within the decoders Long Decode More complex and somewhat common x86 instructions  11 bytes in length Produce up to 4 RISC86 operations 1 processed per clock Processed completely within the decoders

  29. x86 Instruction Categories (Vector Decode) Vector Decode Complex x86 instructions requiring long sequences or RISC86 instructions 1 processed per clock Decoders generate an initial set of 4 RISC86 operations Decode is completed by fetching a sequence of additional operations from an on-chip ROM at a rate of 4 operations per clock

  30. RISC86 Operations Categories Memory load operations (load) Memory store operations (store) Integer register operations (alu/alux) MMX register operations (meu) Floating-point register operations (float) Branch condition evaluations (branch)

  31. x86 to RISC86 Translation Example

  32. Instruction Set

  33. Instruction Set Categories Arithmetic Conversions Logical Operations Transfers and Memory Operations Compatibility Uses full Intel Instruction Set Features Three Separate Instruction Sets Integer Instruction Set Floating-Point Instruction Set MMX Instruction Set

  34. Technologies Used

  35. Technologies Used • RISC86 Superscalar microarchitecture • This enables leading-edge performance on both Microsoft Windows 95 and Windows NT operating systems, and the installed base of x86 software • Socket 7-compatible Bus Interface • This allows PC manufacturers and resellers to leverage today’s infrastructure to quickly bring superior price/performance PC systems to market

  36. Detailed Comparison of the K-6 to the Intel Pentium

  37. Continued

  38. Continued

  39. Factors Affecting Performance

  40. Factors Affecting Performance • Pipelining, prefetching, and predecoding • Using a 32 byte instruction cache line, lines are prefetched and predecoded. This enables the decoders to efficiently decode multiple instruction simultaneously • Multiple Decoders • The decoders issue up to four opertions at a time to the centralized schedule buffer which buffers and manages up to 24 operations at a time. • Parallel Execution Units • The Instruction Control Unit issues up to six instruction to the execution units and they are executed in parallel

  41. Addressing Modes

  42. Memory Map

  43. Addressing Modes • Direct Addressing: - address operand byte points directly to the target data - only for internal RAM • Indirect Addressing: - two address operand bytes pointing to another pair of address bytes, containing the address of the operand - for internal and external RAM • Immediate Constants: - value of a constant can follow the operation code in the program memory • Indexed Addressing: - only program memory can be accessed - only read operations are possible - addressing mode reads lookup tables in the program memory - base register points to the base of the table entry and the accumulator is set up with the table entry number

  44. Addressing Modes • Register Instructions: - for register banks containing registers from R0 to R7 - 3-bit register specification in the operation code of the instruction - no address byte • Register-Specific Instructions: - some instructionsare specific to certain registers - no address byte necessary - operation code does the pointing itself

  45. Perspective On Role In The Market Place • Microprocessor Market: - short product life cycles - migration to higher performance microprocessors - dominant position of Intel Corporation • setting standards • affecting margins and profitability of competitors • restricting innovation and differentiation of product offerings • - successful competition possible if: • new process technologies • higher performance microprocessors • greater volumes • significant capital expenditures

  46. AMD-K6 Processor Family Roadmap

  47. Perspective On Role In The Market Place • - K6 - key element of further developments - aggressive technology transition schedule • - possible risks and uncertainties: • successful fabrication of higher performance AMD-K6 ? • Intel’s new product introduction, marketing strategies and pricing ? • continued development of worldwide market acceptance ? • availability of financial and other resources ? • possible adverse market conditions in the PS market ? • unexpected interruptions of production ?

More Related