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Periodic Table

Periodic Table . The Atom and the Elements. Periodic Table. In 1872, Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the 60 known elements into columns or groups with similar properties. Periodic Table. Today’s periodic table contains 117 elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number . PERIODIC TABLE.

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Periodic Table

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  1. Periodic Table The Atom and the Elements

  2. Periodic Table • In 1872, Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the 60 known elements into columns or groups with similar properties.

  3. Periodic Table • Today’s periodic table contains 117 elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number.

  4. PERIODIC TABLE • Arranges similar elements together in patterns • Arranged by the # of protons or atomic number • Helps predict properties of an element PERIODIC LAW – states that when elements are arranged in order by # of protons, similarities in properties will occur in a pattern

  5. Today’s Element List • 10 = 99% of the mass of the Earth (5=92%) (O,Si,H, Al, Fe, Ca,Na,Mg, Cl,K)

  6. Metals Shiny Solids Stretched and Shaped Conductors of heat and electricity Nonmetals Solids, liquids or gases Solids – dull and brittle Poor conductors of heat and electricity ****Semiconductors / Metalloids – exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals FAMILIES OF ELEMENTS

  7. How do you tell if it’s a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid? • Metals • On the left hand side of the zigzag line (except for Hydrogen – exception) - Metalloids or Semi-metals - Touching zigzag line (Except for Al) - Exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals • Nonmetals • On the right hand side of the zigzag line (plus Hydrogen)

  8. How would you classify calcium? • Metal • Nonmetal • Metalloid

  9. How would you classify arsenic? • Metal • Nonmetal • Metalloid

  10. How would you classify carbon? • Metal • Nonmetal • Metalloid

  11. GROUPS PERIOD To keep table shorter/ in line

  12. GROUPS • Columns of the periodic table • Atoms of elements in the same group have the same # of valence electrons and therefore behave similarly PERIODS • Rows of the periodic table • All elements in a period have the • their valence electrons in the same energy level.

  13. Which of the following are in the same group? • H, He, C, Li • K, Ca, As, Br • He, Ne, Kr, Ar • B, Al, Ge, Sn

  14. Which of the following are in the same period? • H, He, C, Li • K, Ca, As, Br • He, Ne, Kr, Ar • B, Al, Ge, Sn

  15. Representative and Transition Elements

  16. METALS • 4 Different kinds of metals • Alkali metals: soft, shiny and very reactive • Group 1: not found in nature as elements • Alkaline earth-metals: less reactive • Group 2: have two valence electrons • Transition Metals: many uses • Groups 3-12

  17. NONMETALS • 3 Different kinds of metals • Noble Gases: mostly non-reactive, very stable • Group 8: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn • Halogens: very reactive, gain one electron to form a stable compound • Group 7: F, Cl, Br, I

  18. Diatomic Gases • Seven elements are called diatomic and never exist alone in nature. • Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beans????? • H2 • N2 • F2 • O2 • I2 • Cl2 • Br2

  19. Magnesium is in which group? • Alkali metals • Alkaline earth metals • Transition metals • Halogens • Noble gases

  20. Lithium is in which group? • Alkali metals • Alkaline earth metals • Transition metals • Halogens • Noble gases

  21. Manganese is in which group? • Alkali metals • Alkaline earth metals • Transition metals • Halogens • Noble gases

  22. Krypton is in which group? • Alkali metals • Alkaline earth metals • Transition metals • Halogens • Noble gases

  23. The majority of the diatomic gases are in which group? • Alkali metals • Alkaline earth metals • Transition metals • Halogens • Noble gases

  24. Democritus • 1st to “think” of atoms • Derived from Greek word – “unable to be divided” • Called them - atomos • 4th century BC

  25. John Dalton • 1808 • Created the atomic theory. Educated himself age 12 became a school teacher

  26. Dalton’s Atomic Theory • 1) All matter is made up of atoms. • 2) All atoms of an element are identical to each other and different from other elements. • 3) Atoms of different elements combine in the same ratio of the same elements to form compounds. • 4) A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement of atoms. Atoms are never created nor destroyed in these reactions.

  27. Atomic Theory through Time 400 BC Democritus • John Dalton: • D. Mendeleev: organizes periodic table 1897 JJ Thompson • ErnestRutherford • Niels Bohr 1923 Louis de Broglie 1930 Erwin Schrodinger

  28. JJ Thomson • experimented with currents of electricity inside empty glass tubes. • Discovered • electron in every atom • electrons have a negative charge • “Plum-pudding” model

  29. Ernest Rutherford Geiger and Marsden Lab 18.1 – Gold Foil Experiment

  30. Rutherford •  particles • most passed straight through • Atom mostly empty space ! • some scattered at large angles • Center positively charged nucleus that is extremely dense.

  31. Niels Bohr Electrons in an atom move inin a set paths or orbitsaround the nucleus / similar to planets orbiting around the sun Orbits have fixed amount of energy

  32. Louis deBroglie • By 1925 Bohr’s Model was altered. • Electrons behave like waves as well as like particles – wave-particle duality theory of matter • Helped develop quantum mechanics

  33. Erwin Schrodinger • Modified Bohr’s theory to state that electrons are not in fixed orbits but in continuous clouds – quantum mechanical model

  34. Subatomic Particles • Subatomic particles include the proton, neutron, and electron

  35. Which of the following does not exist in the nucleus? • Proton • Neutron • Electron

  36. Which of the following has a mass much less than the other two particles? • Proton • Neutron • Electron

  37. Which of the following has an electric charge of zero? • Proton • Neutron • Electron

  38. Key terms of atomic structure • Atomic Number (Z) = number of protons • Each element has its own unique atomic number • Mass number = sum of protons and neutrons = mass of the nucleus

  39. Isotope Notation • Isotopes are forms of the same element (same number of protons) with differing numbers of neutrons

  40. How many protons are in the following isotope? • 19 • 9 • 10

  41. How many neutrons are in the following isotope? • 19 • 9 • 10

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