当代西方政治思潮（之六） 主讲人：黄岭峻

1. 当代西方政治思潮（之六）主讲人：黄岭峻 第六讲 女权主义（1）:简介 Lecture 5, Feminism（1）

2. 一、何谓“女权主义”？

3. Feminism • The term feminism can be used to describe a political, cultural or economic movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women. Feminism involves political, cultural and sociological theories, as well as philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference. It is also a movement that advocates gender equality for women and campaigns for women's rights and interests.

4. 女权主义 • 女权主义是指一个主要以女性经验为来源与动机的社会理论与政治运动。旨在建立对妇女的平等权利与合法保护。在对社会关系进行批判之外，许多女性主义的支持者也着重于性别不平等的分析以及推动妇女的权利、利益等议题。 • 女性主义理论的目的在于了解不平等的本质以及着重在性别政治、权力关系与性意识（sexuality）等方面。女性主义政治行动则挑战诸如生育权、堕胎权、教育权、家庭暴力、孕妇留职（maternity leave）、薪资平等、投票权、性骚扰、性别歧视与性暴力等等的议题。

5. 二、女权主义的历史

6. 1、古代女权意识 • 皮赞Christine de Pizan (1365–c.1434) • 德古尔雷Marie de Gournay (6 October 1565, Paris - 13 July 1645)

7. Christine de Pizan (also seen as de Pisan) (1365–c.1434) • a Venetian-born woman of the medieval era who strongly challenged misogyny and stereotypes prevalent in the male-dominated realm of the arts. • 欧洲最早的职业妇女作家。

8. Marie de Gournay (6 October 1565, Paris - 13 July 1645) • was an admirer of Michel de Montaigne, who having read his works in her teens, travelled to meet him and eventually became his "fille d'alliance" (roughly "adopted daughter").

9. 刘楚玉（446年？－465年） • “妾与陛下，男女虽殊，俱托体先帝。陛下六宫万数，而妾惟驸马一人，事太不均，一何至此！。” (《宋书》) • 山阴公主

10. 《南史》卷二十八《褚裕之列传‧（褚湛之子）褚彦回》《南史》卷二十八《褚裕之列传‧（褚湛之子）褚彦回》 • 景和中，山阴公主淫恣，窥见彦回，悦之，以白帝。帝召彦回西上合宿十日，公主夜就之，备见逼迫，彦回整身而立，从夕至晓，不为移志。公主谓曰：“君须髯如戟，何无丈夫意？”彦回曰：“回虽不敏，何敢首为乱阶。”

11. 2、第一次浪潮 First Wave • First-wave feminism refers to an extended period of feminist activity during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century in the United Kingdom and the United States. Originally it focused on the promotion of equal contract and property rights for women and the opposition to chattel marriage and ownership of married women (and their children) by their husbands. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of women's suffrage.

12. 第一次浪潮 First Wave • 时间：19世纪+20世纪初 • 地点：英国、美国 • 主题：妇女的财产权→妇女的参政权

13. 康斯托克法律Comstock laws • The Comstock Act, (enacted March 3, 1873) was a United States federal law which made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information. In addition to banning contraceptives, this act also banned the distribution of information on abortion for educational purposes.

14. Margaret Higgins Sanger Slee • (September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966) • 桑格夫人

15. 英国妇女参政权的获得：1918年 • In Britain the Suffragettes and, possibly more effectively, the Suffragists campaigned for the women's vote. In 1918 the Representation of the People Act 1918 was passed granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who owned houses. In 1928 this was extended to all women over twenty-one.

16. 人民代表法案 Representation of the People Act 1918 • All adult males gain the vote, as long as they are over 21 years old and are resident householders • Women over 30 years old receive the vote but they have to be either a member or married to a member of the Local Government Register • Women can enter parliament on an equal basis to men • Some seats redistributed to industrial towns • Elections to be held on a decided day each year

18. 美国妇女参政权的获得：1919年 • On January 9, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson announced his support of the amendment. The next day, the House of Representatives narrowly passed the amendment, but the Senate refused to debate it until October. When the Senate voted on the amendment in October, it failed by three votes. • On May 21, 1919, the House of Representatives passed the amendment by a vote of 304 to 89 and the Senate followed suit on June 4, by a vote of 56 to 25.

19. Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution第19条修正案 • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. • 美国公民的投票权不得因性别原因被联邦或任何州拒绝或缩水。议会有权通过适当的立法强化此法条。

20. Woman's Christian Temperance Union • Frances Willard

21. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815 – October 26, 1902) • He has usurped the prerogative of Jehovah himself, claiming it as his right to assign for her a sphere of action, when that belongs to her conscience and her God. • “他篡夺了耶和华自己的特权，声称指定她的行为范围是他的权力，而这种权力属于她的良心和她的上帝。”

22. Women's suffragists parade down Fifth Avenue, New York, October 1917, carrying the signatures of a million women

23. Many groups were opposed to women's suffrage at the time.

24. The 1932 Soviet poster dedicated to the 8th of March holiday.

25. 3、第二次浪潮 Second Wave • Second-wave feminism refers to the period of activity in the early 1960s and lasting through the late 1980s. • the first wave focused on rights such as suffrage, whereas the second wave was largely concerned with other issues of equality, such as ending discrimination.

26. 第二次浪潮 Second Wave • 时间：20世纪60-80年代 • 地点：欧美 • 主题：消除性别歧视

27. 1961，Kennedy establishes a Presidential Commission on the Status of Women.

28. Equal Pay Act of 1963

29. 堕胎合法化？

30. 4、第三次浪潮 Third Wave • Third-wave feminism is a term identified with several diverse strains of feminist activity and study from 1990 to the present. The movement arose as a response to perceived possible failures and backlash against initiatives and movements created by second-wave feminism of c. 1960s through the 1970s.

31. 4、第三次浪潮 Third Wave • 时间：20世纪90年代——现在 • 地点：欧美及其他国家 • 主题:无固定主题，个人化。

32. Jennifer Baumgardner (born 1970) is an author and third-wave feminist activist. • “The fact that feminism is no longer limited to arenas where we expect to see it. …We're not doing feminism the same way that the seventies feminists did it; being liberated doesn't mean copying what came before but finding one's own way-- a way that is genuine to one's own generation." • “事实上女权主义不再局限于我们期望看到的领域。……我们不再做七十年代女权主义者所做的同样的事情；被解放并不意味着重复以前，而是寻找自己的路——对于我们自己这一代最为真实的路。”

33. In 1991, Anita Hill accused Clarence Thomas, a man nominated to the United States Supreme Court, of sexual harassment. • Thomas denied the accusations and, after extensive debate, the United States Senate voted 52–48 in favor of Thomas.

34. Rebecca Walker (born November 17, 1969) is an American feminist and writer. • published an article entitled "Becoming the Third Wave" in which she stated, "I am not a post-feminism feminist. I am the third-wave.“ • 我不是后女权主义者，我是第三波。

35. Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act • The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act (Pub.L. 108-105, 117 Stat. 1201, enacted November 5, 2003, 18 U.S.C. § 1531, PBA Ban) is a United States law prohibiting a form of late-term abortion that the Act calls partial-birth abortion.

36. 一些带有性别歧视的单词：Bitch

37. 一些带有性别歧视的单词Whore

38. Glass ceiling

39. Sexual harassment

40. 三、女权主义的类型 • 1，Anarcha-feminism • 2，Socialist and Marxist feminism • 3，Radical feminism • 4， Liberal feminism • 5， Postcolonial feminism • 6， Ecofeminism • 7， Feminist theology

41. 1，无政府女权主义 • Anarcha-feminism combines anarchism with feminism. It generally views patriarchy as a manifestation of involuntary hierarchy. Anarcha-feminists believe that the struggle against patriarchy is an essential part of class struggle, and the anarchist struggle against the State. In essence, the philosophy sees anarchist struggle as a necessary component of feminist struggle and vice-versa.

42. Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940)

43. 2，马克思主义或社会主义女权主义 • Socialist feminism is a branch of feminism that focuses upon both the public and private spheres of a woman's life and argues that liberation can only be achieved by working to end both the economic and cultural sources of women's oppression.

44. Clara Zetkin (née Eißner; 5 July 1857 - 20 June 1933)

45. 3，激进女权主义 • 是女性主义的一个派别。其最基本的看法是：女性所受的压迫是剥削形式中最深刻的，且是其他各种压迫的基础。许多激进女性主义者不认为期望男女都成为“中性”是能解决性别压迫问题的方式，她们认为女性有其自身优越不同于男性的特质，因此要解决压迫问题是要将女性和男性分离，她们致力于创造妇女的空间、保护受害妇女，并发展妇女自身的文化，其中激进女同性恋者（Radical lesbians）便是这种主张的实践者。

46. 激进女权主义者对性关系的看法 • 许多激进女性主义者认为性关系是女性主义的重要课题，因为男性在性关系上具有的侵略性、支配性而女人则是顺从而被动，而以这样的关系为基础，使得女性在其他领域包括政治、经济、社会上都处于被支配的角色。因此，她们批判包括社会上对爱情的想象、强暴的行为、以及色情事物中对女性的贬抑等。而许多激进女同性恋者，也是基于男女异性恋关系的不平等而主张不与男人发生关系。

47. A protest against an adult bookstore in Uniontown, Indiana, USA

48. 4，自由女权主义 • Liberal feminism asserts the equality of men and women through political and legal reform. It is an individualistic form of feminism and theory, which focuses on women’s ability to show and maintain their equality through their own actions and choices

49. John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873)

50. 5，后殖民女权主义 • Postcolonial feminism, sometimes also known as Third World feminism, is a form of feminist philosophy which centers around the idea that racism, colonialism, and the long lasting effects (economic, political, and cultural) of colonialism in the postcolonial setting, don't only involve non-white, non-western women.