地球环境的组成和性质 当前全球环境问题

1. 地球环境的组成和性质当前全球环境问题 报告人：环科 赵文星

2. 内容 地球环境的组成和性质 当前全球环境问题

3. 内容 地球环境的组成和性质 当前全球环境问题

4. 大气圈 水圈 土壤圈 自然环境要素： 大气、 水、 植物、 动物、 土壤、 岩石矿物 …… 岩石圈 生物圈

5. 大气圈 水圈 土壤圈 岩石圈 地球环境 生物圈

6. 大气圈、水圈、土壤圈和生物圈共同组成了地球环境系统，每个圈层都离不开太阳所提供的能量，这几个圈层密切联系、相互作用，不停进行着物质、能量交换，维持着动态的自然平衡，使地球及其生物得以生存、繁衍和发展。

7. 沉降，水蒸气，水循环，能量，CO2,O2 大气圈 水圈 CO2, O2，水蒸气， 能量，氮 颗粒状矿石物质， H2S， CO2， H2O 生物质， 营养元素， H2O, CO2, O2 水，盐， Ca+,HCO3- 营养元素，有机物质 土壤圈 生物圈

8. 载体 气态 液态 固态 生物体 环境介质：有形的物质部分 环境因素：能量、信息部分

9. 环境介质的分类 严格来说，地球表面的环境不存在完全的单介质。 从宏观上，可以把大气、水体、土壤、岩石和生物分别作为单介质来处理，具有两个以上介质的体系称为多介质环境。 地球环境就是一个多介质环境系统。

10. 环境介质的分类 连续的环境介质：大气、水体 非连续的环境介质：大气颗粒物、湖中的悬浮物

11. 环境介质的分类 相邻的环境介质：水体和大气 不相邻的环境介质：大气和水体沉积物

12. 环境介质的分类 易受污染的环境介质：表层水 不易受污染的环境介质：深层湖水、海水 不会受到污染的环境介质：深层土壤、岩石

13. 环境介质的性质 池塘中充分混合的水 湖水 水平方向 竖直方向 环境介质的性质是均匀的，即均相 环境介质的性质是不均匀的，即非均相 宽而浅的河流 垂直方向 土壤和底层沉积物 水平方向

14. 我们拥有一个美丽的星球！ 作为人类的我们理应去爱护自己的家园！

15. 内容 地球环境的组成和性质 当前全球环境问题

18. 环境问题指自然或人为原因引起的环境污染和生态破坏，直接或间接影响人类生存发展的一切现实或潜在的问题。环境问题指自然或人为原因引起的环境污染和生态破坏，直接或间接影响人类生存发展的一切现实或潜在的问题。 按照成因可分为原生环境问题和次生环境问题。 Bachalpsee in the morning, Bernese Alps Bachalpsee in the morning, Bernese Alps

19. 原生环境问题 主要由自然演变和自然灾害造成，如火山喷发、地震、洪涝、干旱、滑坡、地方病等。 This is a list of the deadliest floods worldwide, showing events with death tolls at or above 100,000 individuals January 2009 image of the rhyolitic lava dome of Chaitén Volcano, southern Chile during its 2008–2009 eruption

20. 次生环境问题 由于人类自身活动引起的生态破坏和环境污染，反过来又危及人类自身的生存和发展的现象。 Air pollution from World War II weapon production in Alabama, 1942 Before flue gas desulfurization was installed, the air-polluting emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide. Showing the litter problem on the coast of Guyana.

21. 环境污染物 进入环境后使环境的正常组成和性质发生变化，进而直接或间接有害于人类的物质。

22. 环境污染物分类 按照人类社会不同功能可分为：工业污染物、农业污染物、服务业污染物和生活污染物。 按照环境要素可分为：大气污染物、水体污染物和土壤污染物。

23. Overview of main health effects on humans from three common types of pollution

24. 全球环境问题 全球环境问题有：全球气候变化 臭氧层破坏与损耗 生物多样性减少 土地荒漠化 森里植被破坏 淡水资源危机 酸雨污染 持久性有机污染物的污染等

25. 1.全球气候变化 climate change A schematic of modern thermohaline circulation. Tens of millions of years ago, continental plate movement formed a land-free gap around Antarctica, allowing formation of the ACC which keeps warm waters away from Antarctica Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average (e.g., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change may be limited to a specific region or may occur across the whole Earth. This time series, based on satellite data, shows the annual Arctic sea ice minimum since 1979. The September 2010 extent was the third lowest in the satellite record Increase in Atmospheric CO2 Levels External forcing mechanisms：Orbital variations，Solar output，Volcanism，Plate tectonics,Human influences

26. 2.臭氧层损耗Ozone depletion Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since the late 1970s: a steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of ozone in Earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. TOMS:Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer

27. 3.酸雨污染 Acid rain Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Processes involved in acid deposition (note that only SO2 and NOx play a significant role in acid rain).

28. 4.生物多样性减少 decrease in biodiversity Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems. Biodiversity is in part a function of climate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions are typically rich whereas polar regions support fewer species. Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions.

29. 5.荒漠化 desertification land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities Lake Chad in a 2001 satellite image, with the actual lake in blue. The lake has shrunk by 95% since the 1960s

30. 6.森林植被破坏Deforestation Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Jungle burned for agriculture in southern Mexico Deforestation and increased road-building in the Amazon Rainforest are a significant concern because of increased human encroachment upon wild areas, increased resource extraction and further threats to biodiversity.

31. 7.淡水资源危机 crisis of fresh water Fresh water is naturally occurring water on the Earth's surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater in aquifers and underground streams. Earth seen from Apollo 17

32. 8.持久性有机物的污染Persistent organic pollutant Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. State parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

33. Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains,and to have potential significant impacts on human health and the environment.

34. 我们只有一个地球，它是我们赖以生存的家园，每个人都有责任爱护它，保护它！我们只有一个地球，它是我们赖以生存的家园，每个人都有责任爱护它，保护它！

35. 分工合作： • 汇报：赵文星 • 资料收集：王笑，宋智泉，郑嘉伟 • 图片整理：李元胜，杜鹏磊 • PPT制作：陈建基，赵文星 • PPT美化：李逸峰

36. 谢谢！