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New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C. – A.D. 1769

New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C. – A.D. 1769. Expansion. Norsemen from Scandinavia ~ A.D. 1000 Christian Crusaders – A.D. 1000-1300 Marco Polo’s return from China – 1295 Portuguese technology and exploration – 1400s. NorseMen. ‘Stumbled’ upon present day Newfoundland No desire to expand

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New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C. – A.D. 1769

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  1. New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C. – A.D. 1769

  2. Expansion • Norsemen from Scandinavia ~ A.D. 1000 • Christian Crusaders – A.D. 1000-1300 • Marco Polo’s return from China – 1295 • Portuguese technology and exploration – 1400s

  3. NorseMen • ‘Stumbled’ upon present day Newfoundland • No desire to expand • Lack of a strong nation-state • Settlements abandoned • Archaeological evidence suggests fighting with Natives • Discoveries were mostly forgotten

  4. The Crusades • A series of military campaigns designed by the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages to restore Christian access to the Holy Land from Muslims. • Eight separate movements from 1096-1270 • Helped open up trade with Asia

  5. Marco polo • Italian explorer • Journies reinforced trade desires in Asia

  6. Portuguese exploration • Development of the caravel • Exploration into southern Africa • Until then, Africa south of the Sahara Desert was relatively unknown • Set up trading posts • Gold – estimated that 2/3 of European gold came from Africa • Began African slave trade

  7. Christopher columbus • Italian sailor • Sailed for Spain • Objective – to find a more suitable route to Asia * Did not land on Plymouth Rock

  8. “One of the most successful failures in history” • Columbus is largely responsible for the globalization of the world • Europe • markets (and demand) • capital • technology • Africa • labor • The Americas • raw materials • precious metals • fertile soil

  9. The Planting of English America 1500 – 1733

  10. Initial north American colonization • French (Quebec) – 1608 • Spanish (Santa Fe) – 1610 • English (Jamestown) – 1607 • Slow to compete (Protestant Reformation – 1530s) • Elizabeth (1558) • Protestantism becomes dominant • Rivalry with Spain

  11. Early English Failings • Newfoundland • Humphrey Gilbert • Died 1583 • Roanoke • Walter Raleigh (1585) • Colony vanishes

  12. Downfall of Spain • Philip II – Enemy of Protestantism • Defeat of Spanish Armada – 1588 • Height of power • English victory  Naval dominance in the Americas • Nationalism / “National Destiny” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGjOsfV3ar8

  13. Jamestown • Joint-Stock Company • Virginia Company of London • Charter from James I • Jamestown (1607) • “He who shall not work shall not eat.” • John Smith • Pocahontas

  14. English Colonies Become Profitable • Tobacco • John Rolfe • Precursor to Antebellum South • Crop was hard on the soil • Economy relied on a single item • Promoted plantation system • Labor concerns  Slavery • 300 black slaves +/- in 1650 • Slaves = 14% of population by 1700

  15. Impact on Natives • Wars with the Powhatan • 1610-1614 • 1622 • Continuous raids • 1644-1646 • Population of Natives in Virginia • 1669 ~ 10% of initial population encountered in 1607 • 1685 ~ None • Disease, disorganization, and disposability

  16. Maryland • Settled by Lord Baltimore (1634) • Financial Profit (2nd plantation colony) • Refuge for fellow Catholics • Early tensions • Protestants v. Catholics • Baltimore allowed freedom of worship • Hoped for tolerance for Catholics • Act of Toleration (1649) • Guaranteed tolerance to all Christians (death to non-Christians)

  17. The Carolinas • NORTH Carolina • Combination of Virginians and current populations • Mostly poor farmers (Tobacco) • Did not fit with ‘aristocracy’ of their neighbors • Officially separate from South Carolina in 1712 • Carolina • Given to eight nobles by Charles II 1670 • Hoped to provide food to West Indies • Connection brought slavery to colony • Created Native slave trade • Goal: also to export wine, silk, olive oil • Rice emerges as main crop • Charleston becomes busiest seaport in South • Early struggles with Spanish Floridians • Religious motivation

  18. Georgia • Officially founded in 1733 • Savannah – largest settlement • Buffer zone between Spanish Florida and English Carolinas • Only colony to receive subsidies from English government • Became a safe haven for debtors • “The Charity Colony” • Led initially by James Oglethorpe • Religious tolerance for non-Catholic Christians

  19. Settling the Northern Colonies 1619 – 1700

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