1 2 3 4 5Exercises

1. ?????????????   1????????????? 2?????????????????? ???? 3???????????? 4?????????????????? ??????? 5?Exercises?

2. ????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????????????,??,???????????????????????,?????????????? ?????????????,?????????????????????????????,????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,????(???)????????,???????;????(???)????????,????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????M(macro-set)?????m(micro-set)???M={E(??)(D(???)(C(?) ,m={C(?)(B(??)(A(?),??????M?????m ???(Intersection)????,? Mnm=c?????????????????????????????????????????,???????????

3. ??????????????,???????????????????????????,?????????,????????????????????,“??????,??????????”? ?????????????????????,??????:??????????????????,??????????????????,???????????????(????),?????(????)??“????????”,????????????????????,???????????,???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????,???????????????:??????????????,????????????(lexicon),????????(phrase structural rule)???????????????(initial phrase marker),??????(projection principle)???(adjunction)??(deletion)??(substitution)???(permutation)??????(?????a????move—a rule)?????????(??),??????????,??????????????????,?????????(pragmatic phrase marker),??????(?--theory)????(case--

4. theory)?????(government theory)?????(bounding theory)?????(binding theory)?????(control theory)????a--????,?????????????????????????????????????????,???????? <Back

5. ???????????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????,??????????V.Sackvile-Wes???No Signposts in the Sea???????:It may be by daylight,looking at the sea,rippled with little white ponies,or with no ripples at all but only the lazy satin of blue,marbled at the edge where the passage of our ship has disturbed it.???:“????,????????????????,???????;????????,????????????????????,?????,????????????????” ????«???»??????????,??????“the sea,rippled with little white ponies”?????????? ????????(?????)???«???»???,??: ?? ????? ? D—?? (???????) ? ????1

6. R—?? (???????) ? ????2 S—?? ? ?????? ?????? (??????) ? ? PF—?? LF—?? ??????????????:?????????;??????:?????????1?????2??????????????;??? ????:???????????1?????2???????????????????????8????????:??X—????(X bar theory)?????(?--theory)????(case theory)?????(government theory)?????(binding theory)?????(bounding theory)?????(control theory)??????????(stylistic readjustment theory)? ??the sea,rippled with little white ponies???????: 1? ???? ???????(??????????)????,????????(?????X—????)??D—??: ?????????:

7. NP ? DET NP ? ? The N VP ? ? sea V INFL PP ? ? ? ripple d ? P NP With ? AP N ? ? Little white ponies X????(X??:X ?X comp) N ? Det N (N comp) The ? N V

8. Sea ? V INFL P (V comp) Ripple d ? P N (P comp) with ? SPEC N Little white ponies SPEC=Specifier ??? 2?D—?? ?????????????(Kernel sentence)?????(????????????????????),???????: The sea is caused to move in very small waves. The small waves of the sea is compared to the galloping little white horses. ???????D—?????,???D—???: NP is caused the sea PRO1 to move in very small waves[PRO2 to be compared to little white horses] PRO???????????????????,???????? 3?R—?? ???????????,????????????????

9. ???,???,????????????(simile)?????????????,????(deletion)????,??????????the small waves of the sea ?is????????????,????(substitution)????,?rippled??caused to move in small waves,???ponies??horses,???????????????with??to be compared to,???????(with?like??,?????),??,???R—??(?????)?: NP is rippled the sea [PRO[with little white ponies]] s S S=simile 4?S—?? ??a—??????,?the sea???NP??,???(trace)t.the sea? t?????,??????S,??S—???: The seai is rippled ti [PRO with little white ponies] s 5?LF—?? ?????(indexing rule)??????????????????,???the sea???the ripple of the sea,?????rippled ???????,??PRO? rippled?????;??LF—??(??????)?: The seai is rippledj ti[PROj with little white ponies.]

10. 6?PF—?? ????????,??????s??t?????PRO,????,??????(rules of mophology)?????(rules of phonology)??PF—??(?????,??????????)? The sea is rippled with little white ponies. ??????The sea is rippled with little white ponies??????????????????????????????,?????????????????(???)???????????????:???????,??????????????,????????????(?????PF—?????LF—??,??TF—?????S??)?????????????(?R—??),???????????????????????,??R—?????????(?D—??),??????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????,????????????????????????????????—???????????,?????????????????,????????????????????? 1.D---?? ????????,????????????????(?????+??????)??????????: ??????????,[PRO?????????????] s

11. 2.R---?? ??????????????????,???????????????????,????????????????(substitution)????????,?“?????”???“??”;?“???”???“???”,????????????????????????????PP(with little white ponies)???????,??????????????????“????”???“?”,??with??compared to ????????????????????,??????????????????????,??????????:“??????????,”?????????,???????????????????????,????????????“??”?????“??”???“???????”???? ??R---??? ???????[PRO[????????]] s S (simile)?? 3.S---?? ???R---???????S---??,???(deletion)??,?????????????????????NP???????????????,????t????????????????????????????,??????????(????? be?????),????????????(?“??????”,??“???????”,???????????????“????”,“??

12. ???”???)???“??”??????,???S---????“?”????S---???: ??????,[PRO????????] s 4.LF---?? ???S---???????LF---??,???????---????PRO????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????????,?????????????“??”????????“??”????????????PRO???PRO??????????????(Jhoni promised Mary PROi to learn English.)??????????(Jhon persuade Maryi PROi to learn English.)??????????PRO???????,??LF---??: ??????I PROi ???????? ???,??????,“??”???“??”??????????????????????????????,??LF---???: ??????i,[PROi???????] s 5.PF---?? ???LF---???????PF---??,????????,????????PRO???,?????????????---??: ??????,???????? <Back

13. ?????????? ???????????? ??????????The sea is rippled with little white ponies????????????“??????,???????”????????????,???????????(???????the)??(????????????,???????:??)???(?????????????????????)??????????????,???????????????(omission),??????????(amplification),??????????(conversion)???????,????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????(???????)????????It is unclear who to find,?????It is unclear[for which person X[PRO to find X]],?????:“??????”???????to find????who,?????“?”??“?”,?????????????????????:?????who???????to find??,??find ??????t;??????“?”?????“?”??,????,???????????????????PRO,???????????

14. ????????,????????It ????,?????,??????????????to find,????is unclear???It??????????????(end-weight)????????who to find????????????????????????(empty category)??(trace)??,??????It?????????,????????,????It????,??????????“??”???It??,??“?????”,?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????;????,?????????????????????????????????,??????,??????????????????????????????????????,??????????“???”,????????“????”,?????????????????????????????????????????,????“?????”?????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????? ?1.Studies serve for delight;for ornament and for ability.

15. ?2.It is no use doing what you like;you have to got to like what you do. ?3.It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it.It was day compounded from silence of bee and flower and ocean and land,which were not silence at all,but motions, stirs, flutters,risings,fallings,each in its own time and matchless rhythm. ??????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,???????????????????????????,???????? <Back

16. ??????????????????????? ?? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????,????????????????????????????,???????????????? ??????,????????????,?????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????<Back

17. Exercises 1.A personnel deficit has existed for years. 2.The EEC’s Common Agricultural policy is a dinosaur which is adding 13 pounds a week to the food bill of the average British family. 3.Hanoi romanced its Asian neighbors for six years before winning its membership in ASEAN. 4.With one month left before the opening of a United Nations conference on the environment,preparations have been clouded by corruption allegations,and security problems in Rio are on the rise. 5.For many families,especially in Tokyo,two incomes are a necessity.

18. 6.The British suburban garden,that most revered of national institutions,is increasingly facing destruction by land-hungry developers. 7.At The Mandarin Singapore,flagship hotel of Singapore Mandarin International,we have long practised service that is in the tradition of emperors. 8.Lee Kuan-yew contemplates retiring with a hand on the helm. 9.Hungary joined the growing list of East European nations turning their backs on Soviet aircraft-makers. 10.Resettlement countries,suffering “compassion fatigue”years after the end of the Vienam War and faced with their own domestic socio-economic pressures,have also indicated a

19. lower resettlement rate in future. 11.Many senior officers believe that expanding the roles of women to infantry units and other direct-combat jobs would disrupt the cohesion of fighting forces and could compromise readiness of the US military. 12.The man was lured to north London house and secretly filmed in a compromising position with the woman. 13.The Panamanian leader publicly insinuated that he possessed compromising information about Mr Bush that was liable to harm his bid for the White House. 14.Former US assistant secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs richard Holbrooke, in an article for “Foreign Affairs”,coinciding

20. with the Pearl Harbour anniversary,argues that: “Japanese are always quick to remind the rest of the world how resourcepoor and vulnerable they are…” 15.There is a flurry of hotels construction in metropolitan Manil, unmatched since 1976,when seven new hotel opened to coincide with the annual IMFWorld Bank meetings held there. <Back