Crucifixion

1. Crucifixion A historical study

2. Contents Criminal Offenses Punishments Administration of Justice Crucifixion Jesus� Passion The Shroud of Turin

3. Criminal Offenses

4. Violations of Absolute Duties Are crimes against the whole state or society as a whole Treason Bearing arms against the state Desertion Spying Plotting against the emperor Instigating riots Other Offenses Bribery False testimony Counterfeit currency Witchcraft Magic Strange Worship

5. Violation of Relative Duties Are crimes against individuals Parricide Murder Armed robbery Purchase of freeman Blackmail Arson Fraudulent contracts

6. Punishments

7. Non-Capital Does not affect the caput (status) Fines Loss of rank (army) Suspension from job Corporal Punishment Flogging Beating Rarely imprisonment

8. Capital Loss of caput (status) Loss of Citizenship Deportation for life (for mild treason) Work for public works for life (for theft) Loss of Freeman status Life in the mines (for sacrilege and tomb violation)

9. Capital Death Penalty (Summum Supplicium) for Treason Magic Parricide Murders by non-citizens Worst offense against chastity Repeated robbery Serious arson Bribery

10. Statement of Executions Public as a deterrent Amphitheater Public spot Retribution and Revenge Executions had to seem for the public good Too far ? leaders would lose acceptability People should not be able to sympathize with victims

11. What Kinds of Death? Drowning Beating Traditional Burying alive Unchaste vestals Thrown down the Tarpeian Rock Perjury Murder Treason Strangling Beheading Upper-class in private Damnatio ad bestias Some Christians (Peter) Gladiatorial School Crematio Christians after great fire of Rome under Nero Theater production Crucifixion

13. Methods of Execution in the United States Lethal Injection (37 states) Electrocution (10 states) Gas Chamber (5 states) Hanging (3 states) Firing Squad (3 states)

14. Questions for you. Today as Americans are we more civilized than the Romans in this issue? Are we better off?

15. What the Church Tells Us 2267 Assuming that the guilty party's identity and responsibility have been fully determined, the traditional teaching of the Church does not exclude recourse to the death penalty, if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor. If, however, non-lethal means are sufficient to defend and protect people's safety from the aggressor, authority will limit itself to such means, as these are more in keeping with the concrete conditions of the common good and are more in conformity to the dignity of the human person. Today, in fact, as a consequence of the possibilities which the state has for effectively preventing crime, by rendering one who has committed an offense incapable of doing harm - without definitely taking away from him the possibility of redeeming himself - the cases in which the execution of the offender is an absolute necessity are very rare, if not practically nonexistent.

16. ADMINISTRATION OF ROMAN JUSTICE

17. Justice in Rome Justice Administered by Judex Praetor Other Magistrate

18. Justice in Provinces The governor (procurator) is in charge of Justice Great Freedom Small Crimes handed to local authority Greater Crimes involving public order handled by Romans. Verdicts announced from bema

19. Justice in Judea in 30�s AD Tiberius is the ultimate reference for the law Pontius Pilate is his representative Caiaphas is the ultimate reference of the Mosaic law The Sanhedrin is the judging council

20. Justice in Judea in 30�s AD Tiberius (emperor) Pontius Pilate (governor) Caiaphas (high priest) Sanhedrin (Jewish council)

22. Jerusalem 30�s AD

23. Temple

24. Jerusalem 30�s AD

25. Temple and Fortress Antonia

26. Justice in Judea in 30�s AD Local court did not have right to execute. James and Stephen were killed by locals The adulteress (Jn 8:1-11) was going to be stoned by local BUT this is unofficial �lynching-type� execution Jesus was therefore executed by the Romans

27. Law enforcement in Provinces Roman police rules over supervised local watchmen. In Judea the High Priest provided the watchmen: The Temple Guard headed by the captain of the temple (Jn 18:12) Governor is the head of troops and enforces order with them as well Usually one or more legions (1 legion = 10 cohorts) 6 cohorts in Judea (1 cohort = 360-600 men) each lead by a military tribune (Jn 18:12) One in Antonia

28. CRUCIFIXION

29. Verberatio (scourging) Before any death sentence the condemned is flogged (scourged)

30. Scourging The whip flagrum(Herculaneum) flagellum 39 blows (�one from death�) Jewish Law Roman Law

31. Scourging At the pillar Done by one or two lictors

32. The Scourging What happens during the scourging? Bruise Cuts Veins Blood Flow Muscle & Arteries �The skin of the back is hanging in long ribbons and the entire area is an unrecognizable mass of torn bleeding tissue.� P. Barbet

33. Origins of Crucifixion Origins from Persia, Egypt or Syria Greeks used it Then Carthaginians used it Dennis the Tyrant Romans Had other means to execute Liked the length of execution and public shame endured by criminal

34. Historical Record of Crucifixion Quintus Varus crucified 2000 Jews after Herod�s death 500 Jews a day crucified during the siege of Jerusalem Caligula tortured Jews in amphitheater in Alexandria 71BC 6000 followers of Spartacus Crucified by Crassus after rebellion Jesus Christ for rebelling against order or instigation of riots

35. Who was Crucifixion for? Usually slave punishment Sometimes Roman citizens Humiliores Sometimes even women Crucifixion punishment for: Desertion Murder Repeated theft Inciting rebellion

36. Carrying the Cross Must carry the patibulum = crossbeam (<pateo = to close) 55-110lbs tied to it Preceded by titulus

37. Types of Crosses Arbor infelix Crux immissa Latin Cross Crux Capitata Crux commissa Tau Cross More Practical

38. The Cross

39. The Nailing Patibulum on ground Prisoner on it, knee on arm 11cm square nails (3-4�) Executioner looks for Destot�s Space Two Hands Nailed Patibulum lifted and attached Crux Immissa Crux Commissa

40. The Nailing

41. The Nailing

42. The Nailing Feet nailed Foot support

43. The Nailing

44. The Nailing

45. Crucified

46. Crucified

47. Death on the Cross

48. Time of Survival The time of survival on the cross is inversely related to the severity of the scourging. At least 3-4 hours At most 3-4 days Crurifragium causes death within minutes

49. State of the body when crucified Weakened by scourging Low blood pressure State of shock Back bleeds through crucifixion

50. Breathing Ordeal Exhaling is tough Intercostal muscle fixed in inhaling position Cramps and contraction To exhale Push on feet Pull and flex arms Rotate wrists on nails Backs rubs against rough wood

51. BREATHING

52. Death SHOCK DEHYDRATION CARDIAC ARRYHTHMIA HEART FAILURE

53. The SPEAR

54. Jesus� Passion Do these historical facts match with the Gospels� accounts?

55. Agony in the garden of Gethsemane Sweat blood Hematidrosis Due to extreme stress or shock Capillaries around sweat gland very fragile and burst

57. �. . .cohortem . . . a pontificibus et Pharisaeis ministros . . .� Jn 18:3 Roman Soldiers present Temple Guard as well

58. �Cohors ergo et tribunus et ministri Judaeorum comprehenderunt Iesum et ligaverunt eum.� Jn 18:12 Roman Soldiers Roman Tribune Jewish Guard

59. �Pontifex ergo interrogavit Iesum de discipulis et de doctrina eius� Jn 18:19 Caiaphas� enquiry Religious conviction

60. �Adducunt ergo Iesum a Caipha in praetorium� Jn 18:28 To Pilate At his palace

61. �Nobis non licet interficere quemquam� Jn 18:31 Roman Law Jewish request

62. �-Tu es rex Iudaeorum?-Autem meum regnum non est hinc-ergo rex es tu?-tu dicis quia rex sum-nullam invenio in eo causam�Jn 18:33-38

63. �. . . Flagellavit. . .�. . . Coronam de spinis . . .veste purpura . . .�Jn 19:1-2

64. �Nos legem habemus et secundum legem debet mori quia filium Deum se fecit.� Jn 19:7 Mosaic law

65. �. . .baiulans sibi crucem . . .� Jesus carries the cross

66. Scripsit autem et titulum Pilatus et posuit super crucem erat autem scriptum �Iesus Nazarenus rex Judaeorum�� Jn 19:19 Pilate�s statement

67. �Rogaverunt Pilatum ut frangerentur eorum crura.� Jn 19:31 Breaking the legs

68. �Sed unus militum lancea latus eius aperuit et continuo exivit sanguis et aqua . . .� Jn 19:34 Blood and water flow

69. The Shroud of Turin

70. What is the Shroud? A 14� long burial cloth. On the cloth there is the faint image of a crucified man

75. Four Categories of Injuries Severe Whipping Incidental Abuse Crown of Thorns Piercing Wounds Hands Feet Chest Wound from a blade

80. The Man on the Shroud 5�11�� tall Bearded Long hair with a pigtail Wounds in the wrists, feet, side and skull

81. Scourging Wounds Everywhere except head, feet and forearms Size and shape flagrum�s dumbbells In sets of three or four 90-120 wounds