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Basic Indoctrination

Basic Indoctrination . Navigation. Key Elements. 1) Definitions 2) Basic navigation instruments 3) Pilotage and dead reckoning 4) Navigational aids 5) Aircraft receivers and NAV systems 6) Basic en route instrument procedures • VOR/DME • ILS • Terminal instrument approaches

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Basic Indoctrination

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  1. Basic Indoctrination Navigation

  2. Key Elements 1) Definitions 2) Basic navigation instruments 3) Pilotageand dead reckoning 4) Navigational aids 5) Aircraft receivers and NAV systems 6) Basic en route instrument procedures • VOR/DME • ILS • Terminal instrument approaches • Circle to land 7) Navigation (Class I and II) IFR Navigation using GPS/WASS RNAV Class I Navigation in US Class A Airspace using Area or Long Range Navigation Systems. 8) RNAV 1 DPs and STARS operations.

  3. Navigation Definitions

  4. Navigation – Class 1 Class I navigation requires the aircraft’s position be “reliably fixed” at least once each hour. “Reliably fixed” means: • Station passage of a VOR, VORTAC or NDB. • A VOR/DME, NDB/DME, VOR intersection, NDB intersection or VOR/NDB intersection, provided course guidance is available

  5. Navigation - Class II Operations conducted on any segment which takes place outside the usable range of standard navigation facilities (VOR, VOR/DME, NDB). These operations normally involve using long range navigation systems (INS) in areas approved by Op Specs. These areas contain route segments that exceed the range of airways navigational facilities.

  6. Class II Requirements • Prior to all Class II navigation flights, Crewmembers must perform a full alignment of the navigation system. • A Navigation accuracy check must be accomplished prior to Class II airspace.

  7. Navigation BASIC NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS

  8. Non-directional Radio Beacon (NDB) & Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)

  9. Operational Errors of ADF Common pilot-induced errors associated with ADF navigation include Failure to maintain selected headings Failure to understand ADF Limitations Over-controlling track corrections Failure to keep the heading indicator set / Magnetic Compass • Improper Tuning & Station Identification • Malfunctions of the RMI • Dependence on “Homing” • Poor Orientation • Careless Intercept Angles • Over/Undershooting predetermined Magnetic Bearings

  10. NDB Erroneous Bearing Information • Factors which will cause erroneous readings include: • Lightning • Precipitation Static • Distant Stations

  11. VHF Omni-Directional Range (VOR) *The accuracy of course alignment of the VOR is excellent, being generally plus or minus 1 degree

  12. IAL Information ENC Information

  13. Line of Sight Signal Transmission

  14. VOR Station Service Volumes High Altitude VOR Terminal & Low Altitude VOR

  15. VOR Accuracy

  16. Function of VOR

  17. VOR Operational Errors Typical pilot-induced errors include: 1. Careless tuning and identification of station. 2. Failure to check receiver for accuracy/sensitivity. 3. Turning in the wrong direction during an orientation. to include….

  18. Magnetic Compass

  19. Navigation Induced Errors Associated with the Magnetic Compass

  20. Deviation The magnets in a compass align with any magnetic field. To find the true course that is being flown when the compass course is known: Compass Course ± Deviation = Magnetic Course ± Variation = True Course

  21. Northerly Turning Error

  22. The Effects of Acceleration Error.

  23. Navigation Pilotage & Dead Reckoning

  24. Pilotage - Navigation by visual reference to landmarks.

  25. Dead reckoning - Navigation of an airplane solely by means of computations based on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction and speed, groundspeed, and elapsed time.

  26. NAVIGATION NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

  27. Types of NAVAIDs VOR NDB DME TACAN

  28. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) • Distance measuring equipment (DME) consists of an ultra high frequency (UHF) navigational aid with VOR/DMEs and VORTACs.

  29. Accuracy

  30. Area Navigation (RNAV) • Area navigation (RNAV) equipment includes VOR/DME, LORAN, GPS, and inertial navigation systems (INS).

  31. VOR/DME RNAV “In its simplest form, VOR/DME RNAV allows the pilot to electronically move VORTACs around to more convenient locations.”

  32. To utilize the unit’s RNAV capability, the pilot selects and establishes a waypoint or a series of waypoints to define a course

  33. Loran-C Navigation “LORAN-C absolute accuracy is excellent—position errors are typically less than .25 NM”

  34. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

  35. Three GNSSs exist today: • The GPS, a United States system; • The Russian GNSS (GLONASS); and • The Galileo, a European system.

  36. “The GPS is a satellite-based radio navigation system. Its RNAV guidance is worldwide in scope. There are no symbols for GPS on aeronautical charts as it is a space-based system with global coverage”

  37. Navigation Basic En-route instrumenT procedures

  38. ILS • Notwithstanding current & emerging RNAV technology, the ILS is the most precise and accurate approach NAVAID currently in use throughout the NAS. • As with all approaches, the primary navigation responsibility falls upon the pilot in command

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