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What is the Panspermia Hypothesis?

What is the Panspermia Hypothesis?. Molecular phylogenetics and other tree terms. root of a tree cladogram vs phylogram alignment (nucleotide homology) gaps and substitutions transition-transversion bias base composition bias rate variation in DNA genetic distance

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What is the Panspermia Hypothesis?

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  1. What is the Panspermia Hypothesis?

  2. Molecular phylogenetics and other tree terms root of a tree cladogram vs phylogram alignment (nucleotide homology) gaps and substitutions transition-transversion bias base composition bias rate variation in DNA genetic distance maximum likelihood and use of evolutionary models bootstrap analysis

  3. Apini Meliponini Advanced eusociality Bombini Primitive eusociality Euglossini Solitary to communal

  4. DNA MORPHOLOGY Bombini Apini Meliponini Meliponini Bombini Euglossini Euglossini Apini

  5. ? Are the taxa with highly eusocial characteristics monophyletic?

  6. Opsin + Cyt b + 28S + 16S Apis mel. Apis nig Apis dor. Eufriesea Exaerete Eulaema Euglossa Bombusavi. Bombuspen. Bombuster. Melipona Scaptotrigona Tetragona Trigona Lestrimelitta Honey bees Orchid bees Bumble bees Stingless bees Melissodes Anthophora Habropoda Xylocopa Centris

  7. Meliponini Meliponini Bombini Bombini Euglossini Euglossini Apini Apini Outgroup Outgroup 3 changes 3 changes + + — — + +

  8. Variation in Highly Social Traits Honey bees • swarming: old queen • progressively provision • recruit by dance • queen multiply mated • nest architecture Stingless bees • swarming : new queen • mass provision larvae • recruit by odor trails • queen singly mated • nest architecture wax and resin wax

  9. Terms for how life began ribozyme Tetrahymena thermophila panspermia hypothesis Murchison meteorite carbonaceous chondrites CHON S P Oparin-Haldane model montmorillonite

  10. “Descent with modification” (Darwin, Origin, 1859) Evolution: What is it?

  11. Descent with modification

  12. How Did Life Begin?

  13. 4 Billion Ma

  14. HARD QUESTIONS 1. What was Earth’s environment like when life arose? 2. How is life defined, and how did it arise from non-life? 3. What were the characteristics of the very first cells?

  15. What is Life? • Ability to store and transmit information • = having a genotype • Ability to express that information • = having a phenotype • Ability to evolve • = change over time

  16. What came first? Protein DNA

  17. Ribozyme Tetrahymena thermophila genotype phenotype

  18. RNA evolution in a test tube Q RNA Virus

  19. Test tube evolution of Ribozyme Tetrahymena

  20. Tetrahymena ribozyme generation 1 generation 9

  21. Formation rate of ribozyme phosoester bonds Increase in catalytic activity

  22. Panspermia Life elsewhere in the Universe? Fossil Bacteria?

  23. Monomers of CHON

  24. Stanley Miller’s Apparatus (1953) Glycine, Alanine

  25. Oparin- Haldane Model

  26. Murchison Meteorite alanine, glycine proline valine proteins

  27. Assemblage of biological polymers Nucleotides 10-base nucleotides bind to clay (montmorillonite) 20 bp 11 bp Chain 10 bases long

  28. Oldest known sedimentary rocks Carbonaceous apatite crystal Akilia Island, Greenland 3.8 billion years old Inclusion in crystal, perhaps produced by living organism (ratio 12C to 13 C) Banded iron formation, Akilia Island, Greenland-- 3.8 billion years old

  29. History of Impacts Earth

  30. Apex Chert Fossils of Western Australia 3.5 billion yrs.

  31. Cyanobacteria J. W. Schopf Cradle of Life (1999) 950 Ma Living 850 Ma Living 1.5 billion Living Living 2.1 billion

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