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Diffusion

Diffusion. Diffusion : process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one group or individual to another Cultural Hearth : point of origin Carriers : those conditions that assist the transmission of ideas Barriers : any conditions that hinder the flow of people or information.

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Diffusion

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  1. Diffusion • Diffusion: process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one group or individual to another • Cultural Hearth: point of origin • Carriers: those conditions that assist the transmission of ideas • Barriers: any conditions that hinder the flow of people or information

  2. Types of Diffusion • Relocation Diffusion • Group of people move and take their culture with them • Examples? • Expansion Diffusion • Information about an innovation or idea may spread throughout society • Things being diffused remain, and often intensify, in the originating region

  3. Types of Diffusion cont. • Contagious Diffusion • Depends on direct contact • Strongly influenced by distance • Distance decay – intensity of an idea or innovation decreases as distance increases • Examples? • Hierarchical Diffusion • Transferring ideas first between larger places or prominent people and only later to smaller or less important points or people • Examples?

  4. CORNA

  5. Now, it’s your turn…. • In a group, come up with at least 2 examples of each type of diffusion that your group can share with the class. • Examples are all around you in our culture.

  6. Overview of the History and Teachings of Islam • **Identify FIVE examples  of diffusion (at least one of the  three  different types) covered in class.  For each example include:   • the paragraph # where the example can be found • a brief description illustrating how the example illustrates a specific type of diffusion • at least two carriers and two barriers for each example • HW: Text Reading p. 188-191 and answer section review questions #1-7 - DUE TOMORROW

  7. Arabia Before Muhammad

  8. THE ARABS: During ancient times, the Arabs inhabited much of the area from the Arabian peninsula to the Euphrates River.

  9. POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS FEATURES:The Arab world in the early 7th century had no stable, large-scale political entities. People belonged to close-knit clans, or extended families, that formed tribes. Most Arabs were pagans, but small minorities were Jewish and Christian.

  10. ECONOMIC COMPONENTS: Bedouins Farmers Traders

  11. BEDOUINS (nomadic pastoralists) provided for their own needs with: Herds of sheep & goats Small-scale trading in towns Regular raids on one another and on caravans.

  12. Bedouins

  13. FARMERS: Some farmers worked the land, but in many areas soils were too poor and rain was too infrequent to support agriculture.

  14. TRADERS: Cities supported traders who carried luxury goods (spices, incense, perfumes) from the Indian Ocean region and southern Arabia along caravan routes to the cities of the eastern Mediterranean. These traders formed the economic and political elite of Arabia, and they led the tribes.

  15. Pre-Islamic Trade Routes

  16. MECCA was the most important trade center in Arabia. It wasdominated by the powerful tribe of the Quraysh (KOOR-aysh).

  17. THE KAABA: Mecca was also the location of the shrine known as the Kaaba, founded according to Arab tradition by Abraham. For centuries people from all over Arabia had made pilgrimages to Mecca to visit the Kaaba, site of a huge black meteorite.

  18. EARLY LIFE: Muhammad was born in 570 to a respectable though not wealthy or powerful clan of the Quraysh tribe. His father died before he was born, his mother shortly afterward, leaving Muhammad under the care of his grandparents and uncle. Muhammad (570-632)

  19. CARAVAN TRADE: Like many young Meccans, he entered the caravan trade. By the time he was 30, he had a reputation for competence and honesty, and so became financial adviser to a wealthy Quraysh widow, Kahdija (KAH-dee-ah).

  20. MARRIAGE: Although older than Muhammad, Khadija became his wife in 596, and they had a loving marriage until her death. She bore him three sons (all died in childhood) and four girls (all survived). Only one daughter, Fatima, lived after him.

  21. THE REVELATIONS:A man of spiritual insight, Muhammad received in 610 the first of many revelations that commanded him to teach all people a new faith that called for: An unquestioned belief in one God, Allah A deep commitment to social justice

  22. TEACHING IN MECCA: Muhammad began teaching in Mecca, but he converted few people outside his own circle. Meccans feared that his new faith might call into question the legitimacy of the shrines in Mecca and jeopardize the traditional pilgrimages to the Kaaba with their accompanying trade.

  23. FLIGHT TO MEDINA:At this point, citizens from Medina, a smaller trading community troubled by dissension, asked Muhammad to become their leader. The journey from Mecca to Medina is called the Hijra (HEEZH-rah) and the event was seen as so important that 622 is the year in which the Islamic calendar begins.

  24. UNITY: In Medina, Muhammad gathered around him a large community of believers. This group was to become the foundation of the Islamic state. The substitution of faith for blood ties was able to unite rival Arab tribes and bring about political unity.

  25. RETURN TO MECCA: Although Muhammad was fully in control in Medina, Mecca remained the focus of his attention. Its political and economic importance were critical to his desire to convert all of Arabia.

  26. ATTACKS ON MECCAN CARAVANS: Therefore, his followers began attacking Meccan caravans and battled with the Meccans several times in the 620s. In 630, Muhammad and many of his followers returned to Mecca in triumph.

  27. UNITED ARAB WORLD: After making local arrangements, he returned to Medina and set about winning over the Bedouins of the Arabian desert. When Muhammad died in 632, he had converted most of the Arab world.

  28. MUHAMMAD’S TEACHING People were asked to surrender completely to Allah, the one true God. The surrender is known as al-Islam.) Those who surrendered became Muslims and joined the umma muslima – a new kind of community.

  29. The Five Pillars of Islam ALMSGIVING PILGRIMAGE FASTING PRAYER FAITH

  30. 1. PROFESSION OF FAITH (SHAHADAH): Muslims bear witness to the oneness of God by reciting the creed "There is no God but God and Muhammad is the Messenger of God."

  31. 2. PRAYER (SALAH): The world's Muslims turn individually and collectively to Mecca to offer five daily prayers at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset and evening. In addition, Friday congregational service is also required.

  32. 3. ALMSGIVING (ZAKAH): Social responsibility is considered part of one's service to God; so almsgiving is obligatory.

  33. 4. FASTING DURING RAMADAN (SAWM): The fast is an act of personal worship in which Muslims seek a richer perception of God. It is also an exercise in self control.

  34. 5. PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA (HAJI): The pilgrimage is an expression of Islamic faith and unity.

  35. Abbasid Dynasty • In 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyad dynasty & founded Abbasid which lasted until 1258 • In 762, Abbasid built new capital of Baghdad on the Tigris river/ location took advantage of river & caravan traffic • Harun al-Rashid led dynasty through golden age/ known for charity and patronage • Vizier (Prime Minister) advises the caliph

  36. Baghdad

  37. CULTURAL INTEGRATION: In the 8th and 9th centuries, under the Abbasid caliphs, Muslim civilization entered its golden age. – dramatic growth in arts and sciences.

  38. Abbasid Dynasty Falls • Abbasid experienced problems; fighting over succession of caliph • Rulers of provinces began to break away • Spain, Morocco, Egypt = independent with own caliphate

  39. Seljuk Turks & Crusades • Seljuk Turks = nomadic people from central Asia, converted to Islam • Took over much of Abbasid empire & captured Baghdad; held political and military power • Turks took over Anatolian plateau, Byzantine empire turned west for help

  40. Crusades • 1169, Saladin took control of Egypt & ended Fatimid dynasty, took offensive @ Christians • 1187, Saladin’s army destroyed the Christian forces in the kingdom of Jerusalem • Main effect of Crusades = centuries of mistrust between Muslims & Christians

  41. Mongols • Pastoral people who came out of the Gobi desert in early 13th century • Were highly destructive conquerors whose goal was to create such a terror that people would not fight back • Mongol leaders began to convert to Islam & intermarried with local peoples • Because Mongols had destroyed Baghdad, Cairo became center of Islamic civilization

  42. Mongols

  43. Genghis Khan United Mongol Cavalry

  44. Kublai Khan

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