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The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment. Brief background and its legacy today. Question. What is the Enlightenment?. Key Figures in Enlightenment Science. Newton and Galileo. Key Figures in Enlightenment Thought. Thomas Hobbes Nationality: English Major Work: Leviathan

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The Enlightenment

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  1. The Enlightenment Brief background and its legacy today

  2. Question • What is the Enlightenment?

  3. Key Figures in EnlightenmentScience Newton and Galileo

  4. Key Figures in EnlightenmentThought • Thomas Hobbes • Nationality: English • Major Work: Leviathan • Contribution: the nature of society (all men are brutish). Idea that men must forfeit some personal freedoms for the benefit of having a strong ruler who maintains a peaceful and orderly society.

  5. Key Figures in EnlightenmentThought • John Locke • Nationality: English • Major Work: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690 • Contribution: Blank slate theory, natural rights and the idea that man has the right to overthrow a ruler who does not protect those rights.

  6. Key Figures in EnlightenmentThought • Voltaire • Nationality: French • Major Work: • Contribution: tolerance; freedom of speech and religion.

  7. Key Figures in EnlightenmentThought • Montesquieu • Nationality: French • Major Work: The Spirit of the Laws 1748 • Contribution: separation of government, checks and balances.

  8. Key Figures in EnlightenmentThought • Rousseau • Nationality: French • Major Work: Emile or On Education 1762 • Contribution: Noble Savage, ideas on education, social contract, the General Will.

  9. Key Figures in EnlightenmentThought • Adam Smith • Nationality: Scottish • Major Work: Wealth of Nations 1776 • Contribution: capitalism, the invisible hand

  10. Key Figures in EnlightenmentThought • Mary Wollstonecraft • Nationality: English • Major Work: A Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792 • Contribution: women’s rights

  11. Key Figures in EnlightenmentThought • Cesare Becarria • Nationality: Italian • Major Work: Of Crime and Punishment 1764 • Contribution: opposed the use of torture

  12. Answer • The Enlightenment, also called the Age of Reason or the Age of Rationalism, was a period during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when European philosophers stressed the use of reason as the best method for learning the truth. Such philosophers as Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) and Voltaire (1694–1778) in France and John Locke (1632–1704) in England pondered aspects of education, law, social theory, superstition, and ignorance. Hallmarks of the Enlightenment include the idea that the universe is systematic though vast and complex; the belief that men and women are capable of understanding the universe; and the philosophy of Deism. According to Deism, God created the world and natural laws, then withdrew from involvement in the workings of the universe. During the Enlightenment extensive intellectual activity took place, including the publication of several encyclopedias

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