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Charles I

Charles I. Charles I. Charles summoned Parliament to raise money several times: tension as Parliament sought to limit the funds it would vote and to impose conditions which made the King depend more on Parliament. Ruled without Parliament for long periods.

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Charles I

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  1. Charles I Parsons UK/US History

  2. Charles I Charles summoned Parliament to raise money several times: tension as Parliament sought to limit the funds it would vote and to impose conditions which made the King depend more on Parliament. Ruled without Parliament for long periods. Appointed "High Church" Archbishop of Canterbury: reinstated ceremony etc. Scots in particular resisted. Parsons UK/US History

  3. Charles I Charles sent army in 1638, but decided not to engage the Scottish forces and agreed to pay the Scots for the expenses they had incurred. This strained relations with Parliament. He agreed to summon Parliament regularly (at least once every three years). In Ireland rebellion 1641. Charles wanted to raise army; Parliament feared this would be used against them. Parsons UK/US History

  4. Charles I - Oliver Cromwell 1642 crisis: Civil War. Bitter war between Royalists and Parliamentarians (Cavaliers and Roundheads). Parliamentary general Oliver Cromwell. Battle of Naseby 1645 King defeated and captured. 1649 Charles beheaded. Oliver Cromwell "Lord Protector". Commonwealth. Parsons UK/US History

  5. OliverCromwell:"warts andall" Parsons UK/US History

  6. Oliver Cromwell Cromwell severely repressed Irish rebellion. "Levellers" in England rebelled against authoritarian government. Defeated. Killjoy government. Oliver Cromwell died 1658. His son Richard not up to the task ... 1660 Charles II recalled. Restoration. Charles II also believed in divine right of kings and admired Louis XIV. Parsons UK/US History

  7. Charles II/James II Charles a little more flexible ... though he still favoured absolute monarchy. Founded Royal Society (science, ...) Emergence "Whigs" (pro-Parliamentary) and "Tories" (pro-Royalist) 1665 Second Dutch War* caused by trade rivalry. Dutch settlement at New Amsterdam taken and renamed New York. Dutch threatened London. First Dutch War 1652-4 over trade between Commonwealth and United Provinces Parsons UK/US History

  8. Charles II/James II 1665-6 Great Plague, 1666 Great Fire of London. Peace with Dutch negociated 1667. 1670 Charles signed secret treaty with France: he would receive money from Louis XIV and in return would side with France against the Dutch, and would at some later stage declare himself a Catholic. Parsons UK/US History

  9. Charles II Charles believed Catholicism would be best and in 1672 issued a "Declaration of Indulgence" suspending penal laws against Catholics and Dissenters. Parsons UK/US History

  10. Charles II His pro-Catholic views led to war with the Dutch 1672-4: Third Dutch War. Parliament forced him to withdraw Declaration of Indulgence and pass Test Act (1673) which excluded Catholics and Dissenters from office. Parsons UK/US History

  11. Charles II It also forced him to put an end to the war against the Dutch. 1678 fake "plot" against the state by Catholics "discovered". Reprisals against Catholics. 1679 Habeas Corpus Act. In 1681 Charles suspended Parliament and received subsidies from Louis XIV. Charles died 1685 and converted to Catholicism on his death bed ... Parsons UK/US History

  12. James II James II King on Charles' death in 1685. James II favourable to Catholicism and absolute power of the king: divine right. Parliament was prorogued shortly after he became king and never met officially again during his reign. Parsons UK/US History

  13. Glorious Revolution James had a son in June 1688. James II's religious tolerance was unacceptable to many people. 30 June 1688 party leaders invited Mary, James' daughter (wife of William of Orange), to reign in 1688. Parsons UK/US History

  14. William and Mary William arrived with a substantial army, just to be on the safe side ... James II ran away. "Glorious Revolution". William insisted he would reign alongside Mary. Parliament agreed, but asserted its power to restrict the power of the king. Parliament declared: Parsons UK/US History

  15. James II/crisis • "That King James II having endeavoured to subvert the constitution of the kingdom by breaking the original contract between the King and people and by the advice of Jesuits and other wicked persons having violated the fundamental laws; and having withdrawn himself out of this kingdom; has abdicated the government; and that the throne is thereby vacant." Parsons UK/US History

  16. William and Mary There have been several interpretations of the events of 1688. The standard Whig interpretation was that it had ushered in Parliamentary democracy. For example it was claimed it had been the foundation of the "system of parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarch" Lord Hailsham, quoted in Evelyne CRUICKSHANKS, The Glorious Revolution, London: Macmillan, 2000, p. 2 Parsons UK/US History

  17. William and Mary Others have seen it as "a coup d'état carried out largely by appealing to religious bigotry, and treachery"*. It is worth pointing out that the Dutch were engaged in a struggle against Louis XIV of France and that the support of England was a substantial asset. Lord Grimond, quoted in Cruickshanks, p.2) Parsons UK/US History

  18. James II/crisis By the Bill of Rights (accepted by William and Mary 1688, enacted 1689) Parliament declared that no Catholic could become king: Parsons UK/US History

  19. Bill of Rights whereas it hath beene found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfaire of this protestant kingdome to be governed by a popish prince or by any King or Queene marrying a papist the said lords spirituall and temporall and commons doe [ … ] pray that it may be enacted that all and every person and persons that is are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold ... Parsons UK/US History

  20. Bill of Rights ... communion with the see or church of Rome or shall professe the popish religion or shall marry a papist shall be excluded and be for ever uncapeable to inherit possesse or enjoy the crowne and government of this realme and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging or any part of the same or to have use or exercise any regall power authoritie or jurisdiction within the same ... Parsons UK/US History

  21. Bill of Rights More importantly (or less controversially?) the Bill of Rights established the principle that the monarch did not enjoy unlimited power. Parliament had to be regularly convened. Free speech in Parliament was confirmed. Laws could only be made with the approval of Parliament. etc Parsons UK/US History

  22. William and Mary Irish wars. William set out to establish his authority over Ireland after Irish rebellion. James had raised an army with the support of Louis XIV (Jacobites). In 1690, at the Battle of the Boyne, he defeated the Irish forces. James fled to France. Lord Grimond, quoted in Cruickshanks, p.2) Parsons UK/US History

  23. William and Mary Act of Settlement 1701 confirmed Protestant succession to ensure Stuarts would not be able to return to the throne. Catholics again explicitly barred from the throne. William died 1702 and was succeeded by Queen Anne (1702-1714) Lord Grimond, quoted in Cruickshanks, p.2) Parsons UK/US History

  24. Act of Union with Scotland 1707 Act of Union 1707. Scotland agreed to union with England (to recover access to markets in England and to restore financial situation): England keen Scotland should not revive the "Auld Alliance". United Kingdom of Great Britain. Lord Grimond, quoted in Cruickshanks, p.2) Parsons UK/US History

  25. War with France William brought England/Britain into the wars with France. War of Spanish Succession 1701 to 1714. Several English/British victories: Blenheim (1704, Duke of Marlborough) The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) transferred many French possessions in North America to Britain (Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, Acadia, Rupert's Land). Parsons UK/US History

  26. War with France It also gave Britain Gibraltar and Minorca, as well as the Asiento (exclusive slave trading contract). Britain emerged a world power with growing influence. Parsons UK/US History

  27. Treaty of Utrecht,signed by Queen Anne and Louis XIV Parsons UK/US History

  28. The House of Hanover The first of the Hanoverian Kings, George I, was only 52nd in line to the throne, but the nearest Protestant according to the Act of Settlement. Two descendants of James II, the deposed Stuart king, threatened to take the throne, and were supported by a number of 'Jacobites' throughout the realm. For all that, the Hanoverian period was remarkably stable, not least because of the longevity of its kings. From 1714 through to 1837, there were only five monarchs. http://www.royal.gov.uk/ Parsons UK/US History

  29. The House of Hanover The period was also one of political stability, and the development of constitutional monarchy. For vast tracts of the eighteenth century, great Whig families dominated politics. Britain's first 'Prime' Minister, Robert Walpole, dates from this period. http://www.royal.gov.uk/ Parsons UK/US History

  30. The House of Hanover George I 1714-1727 George II 1727-1760 George III 1760-1820 George IV 1820-1830 George IV had no surviving children, and so his brother William became king as William III 1820-1837 On his death, his sister Victoria became Queen 1837-1901. http://www.royal.gov.uk/ Parsons UK/US History

  31. The House of Hanover Victoria married Albert 1840 (Saxe-Coburg-Gotha). Edward VII (1901-1910) Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, then George V renamed it "Windsor" during the First World War. http://www.royal.gov.uk/ Parsons UK/US History

  32. George I 1714-1727 George actually spoke little English to begin with and showed scant interest. His claim to the throne was challenged by James Stuart, James II's son. A "Jacobite" rebellion in 1715 was easily defeated. 1720 South Sea bubble. Walpole skilful in rstoring confidence. He assumed great influence, as the first "Prime Minister" (1721-1742) (though the term was not yet used). Development of Cabinet. Parsons UK/US History

  33. George II 1727-1760 Like his father, for much of his reign George's political options were limited by the strength of the Jacobite cause (James Stuart the Old Pretender, and then his son, Charles Edward Stuart*), with which many of the Tories were linked. (*"Bonny Prince Charlie") George II from www.royal.gov.uk Parsons UK/US History

  34. George II 1727-1760 George's reign was threatened in 1745 when Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender, landed in Scotland. After some initial success (which led to the national anthem in its current form becoming popular among the Hanoverian loyalists), during which Charles' army drove down south as far as Derby, ... Parsons UK/US History

  35. Battle of Culloden ... Charles was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746 and the Jacobite threat was over. April 1746. The rebellious Jacobite soldiers, mostly Scottish, were massacred by the Duke of Cumberland. Repression in Scotland after the battle was merciless. Parsons UK/US History

  36. Battle of Culloden Parsons UK/US History

  37. George II 1727-1760 The foundations of the industrial revolution were laid during George II's reign, with new levels of production in industries such as coal and shipbuilding and also in agriculture, together with a rapid rise in population. Overseas, trade was boosted by successes such as Clive's victories in India at Arcot (1751) and Plassey (1757), which placed Madras and Bengal under British control, Parsons UK/US History

  38. George II 1727-1760 and Wolfe's capture of French-held Quebec in 1759 (part of a successful campaign which transferred Canada with its wealthy trade in fish and fur from French to British rule). Parsons UK/US History

  39. War with France 1743-1748 War of the Austrian Succession. William Pitt (Lord Chatham) concentrated on undermining the French navy. 1756-1763 Seven Years War. India, Canada, ... France lost many of its possessions in North America and lost influence irrecoverably in India. Parsons UK/US History

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  45. City life • Rapidly growing population in cities, especially London. • Towns growing rapidly with industry. Parsons UK/US History

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  47. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 • (Cotton, Coal, Iron) • There are several reasons why the Industrial revolution occurred in Britain first: • Reforms to agriculture freed up people to work in towns and factories (Enclosure Act, crop rotation, etc) Parsons UK/US History

  48. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 • Britain emerged from the Napoleonic wars as leading nation. Money from trade to invest in industry. • Protestant work ethic (see Max Weber): many dissenters who were barred from high office but nonetheless accorded a certain sympathy by the Protestant middle classes were able to devote their energies to trade and industry. Parsons UK/US History

  49. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 • Britain enjoyed a privileged position with iron ore and coal in abundance. • However coal became increasingly difficult to extract: miners had to go deeper and deeper, and this raised problems keeping the mineshafts free of flood water. • "Primitive" steam engines designed to act as pumps. Parsons UK/US History

  50. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 James Watt's steam engine much more efficient. Parsons UK/US History

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