TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area MODULE 3

1. Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013 TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area MODULE 3

2. CONTENT • Spill assessment • Suitable equipment for oil spills response and cleaning operations • Oil spill response strategies • Storage, disposal and neutralization of recovered oil • Equipment decontamination TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

3. MAJOR OIL SPILLS Golf War 1991, Kuwait – 240-336 mil.gallons Deepwater Horizon, 2010, Mexican Gulf – 210 mil. gallons Ixtoc 1, Oil Well, 1979, Bay of Campeche, Mexico -140 million gallons Atlantic Empress, 1979, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies, 88.3 million gallons Fergana Valley, 1992Uzbekistan - 87.7 million gallons Gulf oil spill disaster (www.gizmag.com) TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

4. MAJOR OIL SPILLS 6. Nowruz Oil Field, 1983, Persian Gulf - 80 million gallons 7. ABT Summer, 1991, Off the coast of Angola, 80 million gallons 8. Castillo de Bellver, 1983, Off Saldanha Bay, South Africa - 78.5 million gallons 9. Amoco Cadiz, 1978, Off Brittany, France 68.7 million gallons 10. Odyssey Oil Spill, 1988, 700 nautical miles off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada - 43 million gallons Amoco Cadiz oil spill (www.larousse.fr) TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

5. OIL SPILT FROM TANKERS QUANTITIES 1970-2012 Source: www.itopf.com TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

6. SPILL POTENTIAL CAUSES • Collision: the striking together of two vessels whilst underway; • Grounding: a vessel touches the sea bottom, either powered or drifting; • Contact: a vessel strikes an external object other than another vessel or sea bottom; • Cargo transfer failure: a cargo spill occurs while conducting ship/shore or ship/ship loading or unloading; • Fire/explosion: occurs onboard vessel but not due to above; • Structural failure: the hull cracks; • Sinking: a vessel sinks due to breach in watertight integrity or adverse loading. TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

7. Navigational difficulty -contributory factors • Close proximity to shore and shoals, • • Restricted sea room, • • Shallow water depths, • • Nature of seabed, • • Confinement of water way, • • Strong tidal streams, • • Strong trade winds, • • Heavy rain squalls and resultant restricted visibility, • • Traffic density and congestion, • • Choke points for traffic, • • The length of time to undertake a passage through a particular hazard. TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

8. SPILL ASSESSMENT • Factors affecting the ability of an oil spill to spread: • surface tension, • specific gravity • viscosity • Natural actions reducing oil spill severity: • weathering, • evaporation, • oxidation, • biodegradation, • emulsification. Source: www.epa.gov TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

9. Potential effects on plants and animals Aquatic Habitats • Coral reefs - nurseries for shrimp, fish, and other animals /recreational attractions • Exposed sandy, gravel, or cobble beaches - • usually cleaned by manual techniques • Sheltered beaches -very little wave action to encourage natural dispersion • Tidal flatsare broad, low-tide zones, usually containing rich plant, animal, and bird communities • Salt marshes - especially root systems, is easily damaged by fresh light oils • Mangrove forests (tropical regions)- replacing a mangrove tree can take decades • Marshes and swamps-little water movement TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

10. Potential effects on birds and mammals • direct physical contact- fur or feathers come into contact with oil, they get matted down • toxic contamination - toxic effects of inhaled oil vapors • destruction of food sources and habitats - oil may linger in the environment for long periods of time, • reproductive problems - can be transferred from birds’ plumage to the eggs, have also been shown in some studies in animals Source: www.globalgrind.com TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

11. OIL CONTAINMENT & RECOVERY • Booms • Skimmers • weir, • oleophilic, • Suction • Use of sorbents • Dispersing agents • Biological agents • In situ burning Source: www.oag-bvg.gc.ca TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

12. OIL SPILL RESPONSE EQUIPMENT CONTAINMENT BOOM • Four basic characteristics: • • An above-water “freeboard” to contain the oil and to help prevent waves from splashing oil over the top of the boom • • A flotation device • • A below-water skirt to contain the oil and help reduce the amount of oil lost under the boom • A “longitudinal support,” usually a chain or cable running along the bottom of the skirt, that strengthens the boom against wind and wave action; may also serve as a weight or ballast to add stability and help keep the boom upright Source: www.desmi.com TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

13. SKIMMERS • Weir skimmers • use a dam or enclosure positioned at the oil/water interface. • oil floating on top of the water will spill over the dam and be trapped in a well inside, bringing with it as little water as possible • the trapped oil and water mixture can then be pumped out through a pipe or hose to a storage tank for recycling or disposal. • prone to becoming jammed and clogged by floating debris. Source: www.ecology.arguslimited.com TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

14. SKIMMERS • Oleophilic (oil-attracting) skimmers • use belts, disks, or continuous mop chains of oleophilic materials to blot the oil from the water surface. • The oil is then squeezed out or scraped off into a recovery tank. • Have the advantage of flexibility, allowing them to be used effectively on spills of any thickness • Some types, such as chain or “rope-mop” skimmers, work well on water that is choked with debris or rough ice. Source: www.elastec.com TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

15. SKIMMERS • Suction skimmer • operates like a household vacuum cleaner. • Oil is sucked up through wide floating heads and pumped into storage tanks. • Are generally very efficient, they are vulnerable to becoming clogged by debris and require constant skilled observation. • Operate best on smooth water where oil has collected against a boom or barrier. Source: www.mavideniz.com.tr TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

16. SORBENTS • materials that soak up liquids • absorption, adsorption, or both • both oleophilic and hydrophobic (water-repellant) • after use they must be removed from the water and properly disposed of on land or cleaned for re-use • Categories: • natural organic (peat moss, straw, hay, sawdust, ground corncobs, feathers, and other carbon-based products) • natural inorganic (clay, perlite, vermiculite, glass, wool, sand, and volcanic ash) • synthetic (similar to plastics, such as polyurethane, polyethylene, and nylon fibers) Source: www.maritimenz.govt.nz TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

17. ABSORBENTS • Liquids difuse into the matrix of a solid absorbent material by a process similar of capillary action causing it to swell and combine with a material in such a way that it will no leak out nor can it be squeezed out under the presure. • Engineered polymers with high surface area to promote rapid absorption • Can be used with volatile products • Suited more to recovery of low viscosity liquids and spilt chemicals • Less used that adsorbents. Source: www.wipeco.com TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

18. ADSORBENTS • Wetting properties – surface tension less than critical surface tension of the solid (abt.20mN/m, water 60-65 mN/m) • Capillary action / relative surface tension, viscosity of the oil (low – fast penetration rate), important for foam based sorbents • Cohestion / adhesion – attraction material to itself / to another • Surface area –sorption rate direct related to direct exposed area Source: www.jcsteel.ecom TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

19. ADSORBENTS TYPES Source: ITOPF – Use of sorbents materials in oil spill response TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

20. CHEMICAL /BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT • Dispersing Agents • chemicals that contain surfactants, or compounds that act to break liquid substances such as oil into small droplets. • these droplets disperse into the water column, where they are subjected to natural processes—such as wind, waves, and currents—that help to break them down further. • helps to clear oil from the water surface, making it less likely that the oil slick will reach the shoreline. • Biologic agents • nutrients, enzymes, or microorganisms • biostimulation and bioaugmentation Source: www.oceanservice.noaa.gov TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

21. USE OF DISPERSANTS Source: IPIECA Report Series –vol.5 TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

22. DISPERSING OIL ADVANTAGES • Removing oil from the surface of the sea benefits creatures, such as seabirds and marine mammals, and habitats at risk from contamination by floating oil. • The formation of myriads of tiny oil droplets improves the opportunity for biodegradation of the oil by increasing oil surface area and so increasing exposure to naturally-occurring bacteria and oxygen. • Oil dispersed in the water column no longer drifts with the wind, being only under the influence of currents and tides. Dispersion can be a good technique to protect shorelines or sensitive resources located downwind of an oil spill. TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

23. DISPERSING OIL ADVANTAGES (2) • Aircrafts -large areas can be rapidly treated compared to alternative response methods. • Naturally or chemically dispersed oil droplets might become associated with suspended sediments where the suspended sediment concentration is very high (in the surf zone or in some estuaries). • The slight buoyancy of the oil and the density of the sediment will produce a neutrally buoyant ‘aggregate’. These aggregates will be transported long distances by the slightest currents and the oil will be distributed in a very diffuse way, over a very large area at extremely low concentrations. TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

24. DISPERSING OIL DISADVANTAGES - localized and temporary increase in oil in water concentration that could have an effect on the marine life within the immediate vicinity of the dispersant operation. Source: www.peacenews.org TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

25. DISPERSING OIL • Hydrocarbonbase’ dispersants are much less effective than ‘concentrate’ dispersants, even when used at ten times the treatment rate • performance of a dispersant will depend on the prevailing sea conditions (more rapid dispersion in rougher seas) • can be quickly applied and can be used under sea conditions where physical collection of the oil would be impossible • as evenly and as accurately as possible to spilled oil • recommended treatment rate for modern dispersants, applied undiluted, is a dispersant to oil ratio of 1 to 20–30. TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

26. OIL SPILL RESPONSE STRATEGIES CONTINGENCY PLANS • Hazard identification • • Vulnerability analysis • • Risk assessment • • Response actions TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

27. OIL SPILL RESPONSE STRATEGIES CONTINGENCY PLANS • Hazard identification • • Vulnerability analysis • • Risk assessment • • Response actions TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

28. Hazard Identification • Types of oils frequently stored in or transported through that area • • Locations where oil is stored in large quantities and the mode of transportation used to move the oil, such as pipelines, trucks, railroads, or tankers • • Extreme weather conditions that might occur in the area during different times of the year • • The location of response equipment and personnel trained to use the equipment and respond to the spill TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

29. Vulnerability Analysis • Lists of public safety officials in the community • • Lists of facilities such as schools, nursing homes, hospitals, and prisons • • Lists of recreational areas, such as campgrounds • • Lists of special events and when they take place • • Identification of parts of the environment that are particularly susceptible to oil or water pollution • Risk assessment TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

30. RISK ANALYSIS PROCESS TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

31. RISK ANALYSIS • Historical records; • Traffic patterns and frequency; • Incident reports and statistics; • Individual experiences; and • Expert technical advice and judgement. • The analysis assigned a rating of: • 1. High, • 2. Medium, or • 3. Low, • According to Likelihood, and Consequence. TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

32. RISK EVALUATION Source: www.msq.qld.gov.au TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

33. Response Actions • Notifying all private companies / government agencies that are responsible for the cleanup effort • • Getting trained personnel and equipment to the site quickly • • Defining the size, position, and content of the spill; its direction and speed of movement; and its likelihood of affecting sensitive habitats • • Ensuring the safety of all response personnel and the public • • Stopping the flow of oil from the ship, truck, or storage facility, if possible, and preventing ignition • • Containing the spill to a limited area • • Removing the oil • • Disposing of the oil once it has been removed from the water or land few hours or several days. • Exercises: • training of response staff • test of the plan • low-stress environment where new techniques and procedures may be tried without adverse consequences TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

34. WASTE MANAGEMENT Equipment Alternatives to Collect, Store and Treat Oily Wastes COMPREHENSIVE MANUAL ON PORT RECEPTION FACILITIES TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

35. WASTE MANAGEMENT • Reduce the amount of oily waste generated- selected shore clean-up techniques • Reuse the resources during clean-up • Recycle liquid oil by incorporating into refinery steams • Recovery the caloric value of waste materials • Disposal of waste that cannot be dealt with by one of the above options - incineration, landfill, composting TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

36. TREATMENT /DISPOSAL OPTIONS TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

37. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES • Primary treatment • gravity separation • Secondary treatment • physical/chemical separation • Tertiary treatment • Biological/chemical treatment TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

38. Primary Treatment – Gravity Separation • Simplest form of gravity separation is to retain oil/water mixture in a settling tank • Oil layer can be removed by skimming or overflow and be reused • Most regularly used separator of this type is the standard API separator • However, emulsions cannot be treated this way • Emulsions frequently occur because of additives TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

39. Secondary Treatment - physical/chemical separation • Chemical emulsion breaking or coagulation • Iron or aluminiumsalts and charged polymers used under rapid mixing • Heating of the reaction mixture accelerates emulsion breaking process but also increases cost • For oil/water separation there are two types of filters. • Coalescence filters / Precoat filters • A number of processes take place in the filter resulting in separation • Adsorption and coalescence TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

40. Tertiary Treatment Biological unit and use of micro-organisms Source: www.flottweg.de TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013

41. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION ! TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta, ROMANIA 13-14 November, 2013