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ILR I. International Livestock Research Institute. Investing in animal health research to alleviate poverty. Brian Perry, Tom Randolph, John McDermott, Keith Sones & Philip Thornton. ILRI-KENYA@cgiar.org ILRI is a Future Harvest Centre.
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ILRI InternationalLivestock Research Institute Investing in animal health research to alleviate poverty Brian Perry, Tom Randolph, John McDermott, Keith Sones & Philip Thornton ILRI-KENYA@cgiar.org ILRI is a Future Harvest Centre Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Report of a consultancy to identify priority research opportunities that improve the livelihoods of the poor through better control of animal diseases Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Commissioned by the Department for International Development (DfID) of the Government of the United Kingdom, on behalf of the Interagency Group of Donors Supporting Research on Livestock Production and Health in the Developing World Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Introduction • Why this study? • Better donor coordination • Can priorities for livestock health be assembled, and acted upon? • What happens if we focus uniquely on poverty alleviation? Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Framework • Study conducted by the Epidemiology & Disease Control Group at ILRI (with help from a cast of hundreds!) • 5 month study • Independent and objective; poverty focus • Widest possible consultation • Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Asia and South Asia • Quantitative where possible • Time frame of 15 years Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
POVERTY 6 billion people 2.8 billion on less that US$ 2 per day 1.2 billion on less than US 1 per day 2 more billion people by 2025 97% of these in developing countries 2000 2025 Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How to attack poverty1 • Promoting opportunity • Expanding economic opportunities for the poor • Building the assets of the poor • Increasing return on assets by market and non-market actions 1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How to attack poverty1 • Facilitating empowerment • Making state institutions more accountable • Making state institutions more responsive to the poor 1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How to attack poverty1 • Enhancing security • Reducing poor peoples’ vulnerability to ill health, to economic shocks, the crop failures, etc. 1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How to attack poverty1 Summary: A change of focus from development that supports the national economy to a direct focus on the the ailments of the poor 1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
So where do livestock and their diseases fit in? • Livestock form a component of the livelihoods of 70% of the world’s poor (LID, 1999). • Livestock support the livelihoods of poor farmers, but also consumers of livestock products, traders in livestock and their products, and labourers • Disease is an every day occurrence to all of these people; animals of the poor are more vulnerable • Poor farmers have few animals, loss is important • Livestock are a reserve in lean times, when disease may be more severe Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Study Design Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Study design • Defining and quantifying the location and extent of poverty, and its association with livestock farming systems • Livestock and the poor; which species are most important to their livelihoods • The poor, their livestock, and the impact of diseases • What have been the constraints to delivering animal health services? • What are the research opportunities in animal health? • Pulling it all together; disease impact, research opportunities, and poverty alleviation Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How were they achieved? • Describe and quantify the distribution and extent of poverty in South East Asia, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa • Determine the association of poverty with different agricultural production systems that involve livestock • Derived from global poverty maps developed in the companion study of Thornton et al. (2001). Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How were they achieved? • Determine the priority species to the poor in each region and production system • Identify the disease constraints to these species, and rank them • Regional workshops in West Africa, Eastern& Southern Africa, South East Asia and South Asia Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
OIE THAILAND INDONESIA FAO LAOS VIETNAM MYANMAR CAMBODIA Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How were they achieved? • Review published literature on the impact of livestock diseases and of their control in the target regions • Commissioned reviews: Pilling, Heffernan & Rushton (diseases), Permin & Madsen (poultry diseases, and delivery of services for poultry), McLeod & Wilsmore (delivery of animal health services), Coleman (zoonotic diseases), Willingham (meat-borne parasitic zoonoses) Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How were they achieved? • Identify research opportunities to alleviate these constraints • Generic research opportunities identified by workshops • Disease/syndrome specific research opportunities identified by workshops • Disease specific research opportunities for selected diseases identified and described by experts Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How were they achieved? • Identify priority research opportunities in different categories that take into consideration of the likely impact on poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Quantitative assessment • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Qualitative approach • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Objectives & steps to achieving them • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Poverty Indicators • P-adjusted number of rural poor • Combines “extent” with “severity” • Adjusts 2010 national average incomes by the skewness in income distribution • …and relates it to the poverty line • P ranges from 0 (avg adjusted income above poverty line) to 1 (avg adjusted income well below poverty line) Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Poverty Indicators • Number of rural poor • P-adjusted number of rural poor NOTE: Has no direct interpretation as an indicator – is simply used as a weighting factor. Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Objectives & steps to achieving them • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Livestock Production Systems PASTORAL AGRO- PASTORAL PERI-URBAN Rough correspondence Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Livestock production systems (From Thornton et al., 2001) Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Objectives & steps to achieving them • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Priority species for the poor • Ranked in order of importance through discussion and consensus of participants at regional consultations Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Objectives & steps to achieving them • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Assessing disease impacts • Scoring system devised during initial methodology workshop (January) • Revised & used by participants during regional consultations Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Assessing disease impacts: Development of a composite index Economic 25% Economic 85% Social 25% Zoonotic 25% National 25% National 15% Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Assessing disease impacts: Final composite index Annual expected herd/flock incidence of clinical disease x Degree of severity of impact within the herd/flock Economic Production losses 70% Control 15% Current cost of prevention & treatment % health expenditures on that species National 15% Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Assessing disease impacts: Final composite index Economic Production losses 70% Market effects on the poor 10% Control 15% Public expenditure 5% National 15% Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Assessing disease impacts: Zoonoses index Annual expected herd/flock incidence of clinical disease x Scope ofincidence 50% Zoonotic 100% Impact in affected individuals 50% Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Example: Anthrax in cattlein MRH in South Asia Economic Production losses 70% Incidence: 1% Herd impact: 2 (out of 5) Losses 0.02 Normalized 0.03 x 0.70 .021 Control costs 0 (out of 5) x 0.15 .000 Control 15% Market impacts: 4 (of 5) x 0.10 Public expend.: 0 (of 5) x 0.05 .400 .000 National 15% Sdijk TOTAL: .421 Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Qualitative approach • Characterize poverty in 4 regions • … and association with livestock farming systems • Determine priority species to the poor • Identify priority disease constraints • Characterize current control efforts/constraints • Identify research opportunities • Determine priorities for poverty reduction Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Global poverty and its association with agricultural systems Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
. Percentage of the Population below the Poverty Line (From Thornton et al., 2001)(Rural Poverty Rate) Study areas: Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and South East Asia Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Mxx = mixed systems xRx = rainfed xxA = arid Lxx = pastoral systems xIx = irrigated xxH = humid LL = land-less systems xxT = temperate Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Regional distribution of poverty, as the poverty measure is refined Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
The distribution of poverty: some key points • The majority of poor associated with livestock are found in mixed crop-livestock systems (94%)………..pastoralists account for 5% • The majority of poor live in South Asia • 57% located there. • A larger share of poverty is found in sub-Saharan Africa as the poverty measure is refined • Headcount: 27% in S-S Africa • P-adjustment: 34% • Poor livestock keepers: 36% • P-adjusted livestock keepers: 45% Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
The distribution of poverty: future trends? • Poverty is growing most rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa Poverty Growth rates, 1987-1998 (Average per annum; source: World Bank (2000)) Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
The distribution of poverty: future trends? • Agro-pastoral production systems will expand at the expense of pastoralist systems due to population growth • Pastoralism will replace agro-pastoralism in some areas of sub-Saharan Africa due to climate change Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
The association of livestock species with the poor • Issues of data availability & quality Livestock demography data: the example of disease dynamics, disease impact and pig production in SE Asia Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
The association of livestock species with the poor • The poor usually keep more than one species • Each species serves multiple roles for the household • The “livestock ladder” Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya