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THE INTERNET REVOLUTION AND THE INFORMATION EXPLOSION

THE INTERNET REVOLUTION AND THE INFORMATION EXPLOSION. Getting Started. The abacus, in the fourth century, was the first device to help simplify those calculations. Many consider it the prelude to modern computers.

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THE INTERNET REVOLUTION AND THE INFORMATION EXPLOSION

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  1. THE INTERNET REVOLUTION AND THE INFORMATION EXPLOSION

  2. Getting Started • The abacus, in the fourth century, was the first device to help simplify those calculations. Many consider it the prelude to modern computers. • There were other ‘calculating devices’ developed over the following centuries; some have been lost to time.

  3. History of Computers - Way Back When Slide Rule Slide Rule 1630 based on Napier’s rules for logarithms used until 1970s

  4. History of Computers - 19th Century • Joseph Marie Jacquard • First stored program - metal cards • Did no computing • first computer manufacturing • Charles Babbage knew of and intended use… Jacquard Loom - 1801

  5. Getting Started • The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century spurred the greatest progress with the spread of machines and automation, culminating in the technological revolution of the 20th Century.

  6. Charles Babbage - 1792-1871 Analytical Engine • Difference Engine c.1822 • huge calculator, never finished • Analytical Engine 1833 • could store numbers • calculating “mill” used punched metal cards for instructions • powered by steam! • accurate to six decimal places • Inspiration for Herman Hollerith for 1890 census

  7. Machine language • 8 bit word example, list of instructions: • 10010010 10000011 00010111 11110011 1100110011 10100101 …. Etc. • What instructions did that give the computer? • Computer language: • Grace Hopper, Cobol • Common language today: Python

  8. Vacuum Tubes • First Generation Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes • Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside. • Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry. • Room size computers, machine language

  9. Mainframe Computers • First attempt to harness electronic technology was at Iowa State University: • Professors John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built the first electronic digital computer. • From 1939 until 1941, they worked at developing and improving the ABC, Atanasoff-Berry Com- puter, as it was later named. • Nazis and WWII: Bletchley Park / Alan Turing

  10. UNIVAC – 1950-51 • First fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S. • Created at the University of Pennsylvania • contained 18,000 vacuum tubes • Cost $487,000 • ENIAC that preceded it (late 1940s) weighed 30 tons

  11. Grace Hopper (1906-1992) • Programmed UNIVAC • Recipient of Computer Science’s first “Man of the Year Award” • First compiler for a computer programming language, led to COBOL

  12. First Transistor • Used Silicon (semiconductor) • developed in 1948 • won a Nobel prize • on-off switch • 2nd Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956 • Bill Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. working for Bell Labs

  13. Other Important People • Vannevar Bush • Douglas C. Englebart • Jack Kilby (noted below) • Shockley, Brattain & Bardeen (as listed above) • Shockley: Fairchild Semiconductors / started Silicon Valley – working for him included Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce, started Intel

  14. Second Generation Computers – 1965-1963 • 1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors • Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors • Note introduction of the Integrated Circuit • Jack Kilby (1958 – Texas Instruments) and Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductors) separately invented the IC or integrated circuit at the same time. (Noyce and Gordon Moore -> Intel

  15. Integrated Circuits • Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips). • Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated together into a single “chip” • First one made by Texas Instruments in 1958

  16. Operating System • Software – Instructions for Computer • ‘Operating system’ is set of instructions loaded each time a computer is started • ‘Program’ is instructions loaded when needed

  17. Third Generation – 1964-1971 • 1964-1971 • Integrated Circuit • Operating System • Getting smaller, cheaper • Still only for computer tech people

  18. The First Microprocessor – 1971 Intel 4004 Microprocessor • The 4004 had 2,250 transistors • four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s) • 108Khz • Called “Microchip”

  19. What is a Microchip? • Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC) • Transistors, resistors, and capacitors • 4004 had 2,250 transistors • Pentium IV had 42 MILLION transistors • Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6 meters) • The Intel Pentium D processor had 230 million transistors

  20. 4th Generation – began 1971 • MICROCHIPS! • Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still using microchip technology

  21. Birth of Personal Computers - 1975 MITS Altair • 256 byte memory (not Kilobytes or Megabytes) • 2 MHz Intel 8080 chips • Just a box with flashing lights • cost $395 kit, $495 assembled. • Bill Gates / Microsoft start

  22. First Mass Market PC

  23. Early PCs • Radio Shack • Commodore • And…

  24. IBM PC - 1981 • IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture • First wide-selling personal computer used in business • 8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors • 4.77 Mhz processing speed • 256 K RAM (Random Access Memory) standard • One or two floppy disk drives • Open architecture • Unintentionally led to Windows dominance • DOS – typed in inputs

  25. Apple Computers • Founded 1977 • Apple II released 1977 • widely used in schools • Macintosh (left) • released in 1984, Motorola 68000 Microchip processor • first commercial computer with graphical user interface (GUI) and pointing device (mouse) • Where did GUI originate?

  26. ARPA Created 1957 - In response to Sputnik launch, US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense 1962- Dr. J.C.R. Licklider (‘Lick’) was chosen to head ARPA's research in improving the military's use of computer technology. • Moved ARPA's contracts from the private sector to universities and laid the foundations for what would become the ARPANET.

  27. Packet-Switching is Key 1962-1968- Packet-switching (PS) networks developed • The Internet relies on packets to transfer data. • Data is split into tiny packets that may take different routes to a destination. (vs. circuit switching)

  28. Steve Crocker Mike Wingfield developed ARPANET network protocol Wingfield built the hardware interface between the UCLA computer and the first IMP Jon Postel Vinton Cerf developed Domain Name System, FTP, Telnet, and the Internet Protocol. develop TCP/IP w/ Bob Kahn The Birth of the Internet The plan was unprecedented: Leonard Kleinrock, a pioneering computer science professor at UCLA, and his small group of graduate students hoped to log onto the Stanford computer from UCLA and try to send it some data. Bill Naylor

  29. The Birth of the Internet 1971- Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send messages across a distributed network. The original program was derived from two others: • an intra-machine email program (SNDMSG) and an experimental file • transfer program (CPYNET) • 15 nodes (23 hosts) on ARPANET.

  30. The Birth of the Internet 1977 - E-mail takes off, Internet becomes a reality • Number of hosts breaks 100. • THEORYNET provides electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer science (using a locally developed E-mail system and TELENET for access to server). 1979 - News Groups born • USENET established using UUCP. • A collection of discussions groups, news groups. • 3 news groups established by the end of the year • Almost any topic now has a discussion group.

  31. The Birth of the Internet 1979- News Groups born • Computer Science Department research computer network established in USA. • USENET established using UUCP. • USENET still thrives today. • A collection of discussions groups, news groups. • 3 news groups established by the end of the year • Almost any topic now has a discussion group.

  32. The Birth of the Internet 1982- TCP/IP defines future communication •DCA and ARPA establishes the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, for ARPANET. • Leads to one of the first definitions of an Internet as a connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP. 1983- Internet gets larger Name server developed. • There is such a large number of nodes that its hard to remember exact paths • Use meaningful names instead.

  33. The Birth of the Internet 1984- Growth of Internet Continues • Number of hosts breaks 1,000. • Domain Name Server (DNS) introduced. Instead of 123.456.789.10 it is easier to remember something like www.myuniversity.mydept.mynetwork.mycountry • ( e.g. www.cs.cf.ac.uk). 1986- Power of Internet Realized • 5, 000 Hosts. 241 News groups. • NSFNET created when NSF establishes 5 super-computing centers to provide high-computing power for all -- This allows an explosion of connections, especially from universities.

  34. The Birth of the Internet 1987- Commercialization of Internet Born • Number of hosts 28,000. • UUNET is founded with Usenix funds to provide commercial UUCP and Usenet access. 1988 • Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed 1989- Large growth in Internet • Number of hosts breaks 100,000 • First relays between a commercial electronic mail carrier and the Internet

  35. The Birth of the Internet 1989- English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser computer program in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland. This ‘GUI’ drastically changed access to the Internet. Marc Andreesen – Mosaic / Netscape W3C

  36. The Internet Revolution and the Information Explosion

  37. Social Networking

  38. Social Networking in Cyberspace • MySpace • Facebook • Craig’s List • Twitter • Digg • Second Life

  39. Mark Zuckerberg’s

  40. Facebook and the end of President Hosni Mubarak

  41. Besides Facebook, the revolutionaries got help from

  42. YouTube • Founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim • Acquired by Google for $1.65 billion • Daily uploads 150,000-200,000 • 350 million monthly U.S. visits • Sends 1,000 gigabytes of data every second

  43. Media Mega Mergers • The BIG FIVE • Time Warner • Walt Disney • Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation • NBC Universal/GE • CBS Corporation • Maybe future: AT&T (DirectTV, trying to acquire Time Warner)

  44. Mega Mergers • Why did it come about?

  45. Mega Mergers • What impact will it have on the social and political environment of the nation?

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