Jim Crow Laws= de facto segregation

2. Jim Crow Laws= de facto segregation

3. Origins of Segregation • TIMELINE • 1863: Emancipation Proclamation • 1868: 13th/14th/15th Amendments • 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson • 1909: NAACP founded • 1947: Jackie Robinson joins Dodgers • 1954: Brown v. Board of Education

6. Cause for Change • Many African-Americans were disenfranchised through a number of measures including: • White Primary • Poll Tax • Literacy Test • Grandfather Clause • Gerrymandering: Redrawing voting district lines to make certain groups’ vote not matter • Executive Order 9981 (1948):Ended segregation in the military • Brown v. Board of Eduction (1954): Supreme court case allowing for integration of public schools

8. 1965 Alabama Literacy Test 1. Which of the following is a right guaranteed by the Bill of Rights? _____Public Education _____Employment _____Trial by Jury _____Voting 2. The federal census of population is taken every five years. _____True _____False 3. If a person is indicted for a crime, name two rights which he has. ______________________ ________________________ 4. A U.S. senator elected at the general election in November takes office the following year on what date? _________________________________________________ 5. A President elected at the general election in November takes office the following year on what date? ______________________________________________________________________ 6. Which definition applies to the word “amendment?” _____Proposed change, as in a Constitution _____Make of peace between nationals at war _____A part of the government 7. A person appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court is appointed for a term of __________ 8. When the Constitution was approved by the original colonies, how many states had to ratify it in order for it to be in effect? _________________________________________ 9. Does enumeration affect the income tax levied on citizens in various states? __________ 10. Person opposed to swearing in an oath may say, instead: (solemnly) ______________________________________________________________

9. Trial by Jury (7th Amendment) False (10 years) Habeas Corpus ( right to an attorney/fair & speedy trial) January 3rd January 20th Proposed change, as in the Constitution Life 9 out of 13 (2/3 majority)

10. 9. The 16th Amendment removes this requirement: The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration.  10. You must "solemnly, sincerely, and truly declare and affirm that the statements made by you are true and correct."

12. And the Movement Begins… • Rosa Parks: In 1955 she refused to move for a white man on Montgomery, AL bus starting a boycott and the Civil Rights campaign • Montgomery Bus Boycott: Started by Rosa Parks and led by Martin Luther King Jr. leading to successful integration • Little Rock 9: In 1957, nine black students were met by the Arkansas National Guard when trying to integrate a public school. • Eventually, President Eisenhower called in Federal troops to protect and allow students to integrate • James Meredith: In 1962,he became the first black student at Ole’ Miss University

16. Competing Ideas Civil Disobedience Vigilance Civil Disobedience: Non-violent protest of unjust laws (influenced by Gandhi) METHODS: Sit-ins, Freedom Rides, Protest marches, boycotts, strikes, etc. GROUPS: SNCC, SCLC, CORE LEADERS: MLK Jr., Rosa Parks, A. Phillip Randolph, Greensboro 4 Vigilance: Taking power into your own hands METHODS: Black nationalism, threats, retaliation, advocating violence, etc. GROUPS: Black Panther Party, Nation of Islam LEADERS: Malcolm X, Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, Elijah Muhammad

17. Hard Work Pays Off • Civil Rights Act of 1964: Banned discrimination based upon race, sex, religion, or nation of origin= largest civil rights law passed since the end of the Civil War • Voting Rights Act of 1965: Led to the US Federal Gov. monitoring polling places to prevent discrimination • Civil Rights Act of 1968: Banned discrimination in the rental, sale, or financing of housing based upon race, sex, religion, or nation of origin • Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg BOE: Ordered bussing to integrate schools • Affirmative Action (1961): JFK introduced this executive order calling on employers to hire qualified minorities

19. Civil Rights for All?