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MASTITIS CONTROL, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT IN SHEEP

MASTITIS CONTROL, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT IN SHEEP. Leo Timms Iowa State University Dairy Science Extension. SHEEP MASTITIS. Basic mastitis facts Mastitis detection Mastitis control Prevention Treatment. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. Occurs in every flock $20-25 million annually (US)

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MASTITIS CONTROL, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT IN SHEEP

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  1. MASTITIS CONTROL, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT IN SHEEP Leo Timms Iowa State University Dairy Science Extension

  2. SHEEP MASTITIS • Basic mastitis facts • Mastitis detection • Mastitis control • Prevention • Treatment

  3. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ • Occurs in every flock • $20-25 million annually (US) • Decreased lamb performance • Lamb/ewe mortality and morbidity • Ewe replacement costs • Labor costs • Feed costs (orphans) • Veterinary costs

  4. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ • Milk production decreases • - 12% when 1 udder half infected • - 58% when both udder halves infected* • * 16.7 lbs. less weaning weight

  5. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ • Average daily gain - ISU Trials*** • - 1988 and 1990: slightly lower ADG • - 1989: 11% decrease ADG • infected: at lambing- 19%; wean- 7%; • both- 24% • *** Significant difference in • creep feed intake

  6. MASTITIS • Inflammation of the mammary gland where inflammation is reaction to tissue injury • Redness • Swelling • Heat • Pain • Loss of function • 99% of inflammation results from infection

  7. TYPES OF MASTITIS • Clinical: visual abnormalities(milk/udder/lamb) • - fever - loss of appetite - depression - death • Chronic: - long duration - variable signs • - contagious? - fibrosis (nodules): udder palpation • Subclinical: * No visible signs *Special tests • * Loss of function • Mastitis types are correlated • to organisms!!!

  8. KNOW YOUR ENEMY (germ warfare)

  9. Pasturella hemolytica • “Blue bag” • Common respiratory tract inhabitant • Range flocks • Minimal under intensive management operations? • Ubiquitous! Opportunistic! Stressors! • *** Lambing time is critical!!

  10. Staphylococcus aureus • “Gangrenous mastitis: • Chronic • Contagious? • ** Associated with wounds • Invasive • Scarring • ** milking time spreader

  11. Strep. species / E. coli (coliforms) • Environmentals • Opportunists ( streps get in every day) • High exposure / high stress • Many around lambing • Streps: Mild but clinical • E. coli: Severe clinical due to toxemia • Coliforms need H2O to grow / get in!

  12. Coagulase negative Staph. • Skin inhabitants • Subclinical mastitis • Minor inflammation • Milk loss??? • Primary organism isolated in sheep (>95%) • Something has to get in!!

  13. Contagious ecthyma (sore mouth) • Virus: occurs in every flock, secondary mastitis infections due to teat trauma • Remains viable for long periods • Nursing lambs - mouth lesions • Transfer to ewes teats ** Provide protection for ewe/other animals

  14. Contagious ecthyma (sore mouth) • VACCINATION • Vaccinate ewes pre-breeding • Vaccinate replacement lambs and expose to ewes (ewe challenge) • Vaccinate rams • *BE CAREFUL WHEN VACCINATING (transmissible to humans)

  15. LAMBING WEANING ?

  16. HOW MUCH MASTITIS IS IN MY FLOCK?

  17. ISU TRIALS • 3 flocks, 4 lambing periods 29% ewes, 16 % halves infected at lambing 21 % ewes, 11% halves infected at weaning * * 40% of lambing infections persist to weaning

  18. ISU TRIALS McNay research - 3 years 13-25% ewes, 9-17 % halves infected lambing 15-22 % ewes, 8-14 % halves infected weaning ** 32% of lambing infections persist to weaning

  19. MASTITIS DIAGNOSTICS “How do I look for (find mastitis)?” • Clinical : • -milk - udder - systemic • Udder Palpation • Subclinical • * Cultures: Know your organisms • * SCC: CMT / Electronic

  20. UDDER PALPATION

  21. California mastitis test (CMT)

  22. 3 grape jelly 2 0 no gel 1

  23. WHAT IS A PROBLEM HIGH SCC? • Early / mid lactation: > 300-500,000 • Late lactation: * >400 - 1 million • * compare between halves

  24. MONITORING IS A MUST!!!!

  25. OBJECTIVES • Minimize number of infected halves • at lambing / other times!!! 1. Prevent new infections 2. Eliminate existing infections * $uccess = maximum quantity of low SCC milk

  26. EFFECTIVE UDDER HEALTH MANAGEMENT Understanding mammary infection dynamics • Incidence of infections during this period • Organisms involved • Risk factors affecting susceptibility

  27. Minimize exposure / maximize immunity Adequate space: 12-16 sq. ft. - ewes/lambs -open front shed 25-40 sq. ft. - lots CLEAN DRY COMFORTABLE

  28. SOREMOUTH Aggressive nursing

  29. SUSCEPTIBILITY: WEANING • Weaning: high susceptibility • *** Decrease production!!!!!! • Eliminate grain 7 days pre-weaning • Feed poor quality forages • Change environments • Limit water 12-24hrs pre-wean??? • Reduce by FEED, not intermittent milking - aggressive lambs - labor - abnormal volume • Teat dip w/ persistent barrier

  30. MAXIMIZING IMMUNITY NUTRITION: THE KEY PLAYER • Vit E / Se • Copper • Zinc • Vit A/ carotene • Vit D • Chromium • CHO • PROTEIN • FIBER *** Maximize dry matter intake *** late gestation / lambing/ post lambing

  31. CREEP FEEDING • CRUCIAL!!! ADG coming more from feed and less reliant on milk! • This still has a CO$T associated!! • Creep feeding IS NO SUBSTITUTE for mastitis management!!

  32. Eliminating Existing Infections • Spontaneous cure: 50-60% • CULLING • Treatment / therapy - lactation therapy - dry treatment (at weaning) - pre lambing / lambing therapies

  33. Lactation Therapy • Early diagnosis and detection!!! • TLC • Keep ewes on good feed and water • Use supportive therapy • Keep ewe nursing or milked out • Work with your veterinarian on appropriate treatments and protocols

  34. Dry Treatment (at weaning) • Cure existing infections • Prevent IMI post weaning • Flocks with mastitis problems • Individual problem ewes • Purebred ewes with high $ value • Commercial dry cow tubes / injectables?

  35. TREATMENT PRE-LAMBING • Don’t open teat unless necessary • Work with your veterinarian: • Organisms involved; Appropriate therapies • Prophylactic therapy: Poor response in controlled & field trials Residue risks must be addressed!

  36. TREATMENT AT LAMBING???

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