Scientific Revolution

Scientific Revolution 10.2.1 Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America.

People Think for Themselves • In the mid 1500s, scientist began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation • Why it matters now: -theories and developments still used today (scientific method)

Scientific Method

Setting the Stage • 1300-1600= time of great change in Europe • Renaissance inspires curiosity • Reformation challenges accepted ways of thinking

Pre-Scientific Revolution • Before 1500 scholars generally decided what was true or false by referring to an ancient Greek or Roman author or to the Bible.

Scientific Revolution • Beginning in the mid-1500s, a few scholars published works that challenged the ideas of the ancient thinkers and the church. • As these thinkers developed new theories they changed science and European thought. • The Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world through observation and questioning.

QUIZ WIZ How did people find out if things were true or false before the Scientific Revolution? Greek or Roman authors Bible

Geocentric Theory • Middle Ages • Geocentric Theory=EARTH was located at the center of the universe • Moon, sun, and planets moved perfectly circular paths around the earth • COMMON SENSE?

Nicolaus Copernicus • Nicolas Copernicus was a Polish astronomer, which is someone who studies they sky and universe. • Prior to Copernicus it was thought that the earth was the center of the universe and that planets revolved around the earth. • Copernicus believed that instead of the earth being the center it was the sun. This sun centered theory was known as the Heliocentric Theory. • Copernicus was scared to release his findings because they contradicted religious views. • He finally published his findings the last year of his life (1543). • He laid the foundation for astronomers to come.

QUIZ WIZ What is the difference between the geocentric and heliocentric theory? Geocentric- Earth is center Heliocentric- Sun is center

Tycho Brahe Danish astronomer Recorded movements of the planets

Brahe’s assistant Continued his work and concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits Proved Copernicus was right Johannes Kepler

Galileo • Galileo Galilei was an Italian scientist. • He made his own telescope to observe and note the heavens. • Galileo’s observations, as well as his laws of motion supported Copernicus’ theories. • In 1616 the Catholic Church warned Galileo not to defend the ideas of Copernicus. • In 1632 Galileo published a book that clearly supported Copernicus’ theories.

Signed Confession • “With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies of Copernicus, and also every other error…contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert…anything that might cause a similar suspicion toward me.” • -Galileo Galilei

Galileo • Galileo was then summoned by the Pope to Rome. Under the threat of torture he read aloud a signed confession, agreeing that the ideas of Copernicus were false. • Galileo was never a free man again. He lived under house arrest until his death. • In 1992 the Catholic Church finally acknowledge Galileo had been right

QUIZ WIZ Why does the Catholic Church disapprove of Galileo’s findings? It goes against the teachings of the church

Empiricism Empiricism- experimental method Instead of reasoning from abstract theories, scientists are urged to experiment and then draw conclusions Two most notable empiricists are Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes

Francis Bacon • Francis bacon was an English writer and scientist. • He attacked medieval scholars who relied heavily on the work of Aristotle. • Bacon urged scientists to experiment and draw conclusions.

Rene Descartes “I think, therefore I am” • Rene Descartes was French Mathematician. • Unlike Bacon Descartes relied on mathematics and logic. • Believe everything should be doubted until proven by reason • The only thing that was certain was that he existed- “I think, therefore I am”

Isaac Newton Isaac Newton was a great English scientist. Newton studied math and physics at Cambridge University. He explained gravity through the motion of the planets and ordinary things. Newton also concluded that motion of objects followed mathematic principles.

QUIZ WIZ What is Isaac Newton famous for? Law of Gravity

Andreas Vesalius • During the Middle Ages, European doctors had accepted as fact the writings of an ancient Greek physician named Galen. Galen had never dissected the body of a human being. Instead, he had studied the anatomy of pigs and other animals. Galen assumed that human anatomy was the same. • A physician named Andreas Vesalius proved Galen’s assumptions wrong. Vesalius dissected human corpses and published his observations. • His book contained detailed drawings of human organs, bones and muscles.

Edward Jenner • In the late1700s Edward Jenner created the first vaccine which prevented smallpox.

Robert Boyle • Robert Boyle is known as the founder of modern chemistry. • Boyle challenged Aristotle’s theory that world consisted of four elements- earth, air, fire, & water. • He believed that matter was made up of smaller particles that joined together in different ways. He also went on to explain how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas effect each other.

New Inventions Microscope-observed bacteria, blood cells Mercury Barometer- Predicting weather Thermometer- showed water freezing

Impact • These thinkers helped to usher in a movement that challenged the age old relationship between a government and its people, and eventually changed forever the political landscape in numerous societies.

QUIZ WIZ What was the impact of the Scientific Revolution? New ways of thinking emerged New inventions New discoveries

Summarize Your notes

Scientific Revolution