Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Herbal medicine

1. Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Herbal medicine Lecture 4: Plants and the nervous system

2. Spot Test

3. Questions 1. What are the following medications indicated for and how do they work? Captopril (3) Verapamil (3) Propanalol (3) 2. What is the generic name for voltaren? (1) Total 10

4. Memo • Captopril: • Indicated for Hypertension • Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor • MOA: inhibits the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor) causing vasodilation hence a decrease in peripheral resistance and fall in BP

5. Verapamil: • Indicated for arrhythmias, also for Hypertension • Calcium channel blocker • MOA: blocks the calcium channels thereby preventing calcium ion entry into cardiac cells to decrease the contractility of the myocardium hence decrease cardiac output and lowers BP.

6. Propanolol: • Indicated for both Hypertension and Angina • Beta adrenoceptor blocker, blocks both B1 and B2 • Sympatholytic- acts by non selectively blocking Beta adrenoceptors to inhibit noradrenergic neurotransmitters, i.e. no noradrenalin being produced decreasing the heart rate by decreasing the force of contractions = decrease in cardiac output hence decrease in BP • Voltaren = Diclofenac

8. Introduction • Controls: • conscious, unconscious, motor, sensory, emotional and intellectual fxn • Divided into two: • CNS and PNS • PNS: composed of • sensory and motor neurons • Sensory? • Motor?

9. PNS that allows perception of external sensation and body fxn = afferent neurons • Afferent connects periphery to spinal cord • Efferent connects spinal cord to peripheral tissue • Efferent regulates activity of periphery

10. Efferent section subdivided: • Somatic NS • Autonomic NS • Somatic: voluntary activities • Autonomic: involuntary systems

11. Autonomic system has two parts: • Cranio-sacral (parasympathetic) • Thoraco-lumbar (sympathetic) • Systems antagonize each other

12. Neurons • Neuronal signals = neurotransmitters • Neurotransmitters of CNS includes: • Glutamate • Gamma amino butyric acid • Glycine • Acetylecholine • 5-hydroxytryptomine • noradrenaline

14. Main herbs used in Tibb for NS • Valerian officinalis • Lavandula officinalis • Passiflora incarnata

15. Other herbs used • Allium Sativum • Papaverum somniferum • Cinnamomum camphora • Crocus sativa

16. Valeriana officinalis • Family: Valerianaceae • Unani Tibb name: Sunbal Bustani; Aumbal at-Teeb • English name: Valerian • Part used: dried rhizomes and roots • Quality: Dry 2nd hot 1st order

18. Clinical efficacy: improve sleep Adverse effects: high doses assoc with cardiac fxn disturbances and depression of CNS Caution in children under 3yrs, pregnant and lactating women Can potentiate the effect of other central depressants Dosage: 2-3g BD or TDS administered in tea form

19. Lavandula officinalis Family : Lamiaceae Unani Tibb name: Ustukhuddus English name: Lavender Part used: Flowers Quality: Dry 2nd hot 1st order

20. Chemical constituents • Linalool and linalyl = volatile oils • Hydroxycoumarins • Tannins • Clinical efficacy • Sedative and anticonvulsant effects • Inhibitory effects on motor activity • Prolonged induced sleep • Adverse effects/contraindications • No health hazard or side effects known • Contraindicated on pregnant and lactating women • Dosage: • 1-2 tsp dried herb per cup of tea • 1-4 drops lavender oil taken with sugar cube

21. Passiflora incarnata • Family: Passifloraceae • Unani Tibb name : Passion flower • English name : Passion flower • Part used Flower tops, stems • Quality Cold 2nd moist 2nd

22. Constituents: • flavonoids (vitexin), • cyanogenic glycosides, • alkaloids (Harman, harmaline) • Clinical efficacy: • Rx nervous restlessness, • sleep disturbances, • Harman is a CNS stimulant, • Flavonoids = anxiolytic effects

23. Adverse effects/contraindications: • Harmless • however hypersensitivity, vasculitis and altered consciousness reported • No details regarding the use during pregnancy and lactation • Enhance effects of other central depressants incl ethanol Dosage • 4-8g crude drug in 150ml TDS • Usually combined with other anxiolytic/hypnotics

24. Other herbs used

25. Allium sativum • Family : Alliaceae • Unani-Tibb name : Lahsan • Common name : Garlic • Parts used : Bulb, oilTemperament : Hot 3rd Dry 2nd order

26. Myth • A Christian myth considers that after Satan left the Garden of Eden, garlic arose in his left footprint, and onion in the right.

27. Papaverum somniferum • Family : Papaveraceae • Unani-Tibb name : Afiyun • Common name : Opium, opium poppy • Parts used : latex from the capsule, extractsTemperament : Cold 3rd Dry 2nd order

28. Cinnamomum camphora • Family : Lauraceae • Unani-Tibb name : Kapur • Common name : Camphor • Parts used : leaves, fruit, barkTemperament : Cold 3rd Dry 3rd

29. Crocus sativa • Family : Iridaceae • Unani-Tibb name : Zafaran • Common name : Saffron • Parts used : Dried stigmasTemperament : Hot 2nd Dry 1st

30. TASK

31. FOOD FOR THOUGHT “Everyone I’ve ever met who has achieved financial independence will tell you that - at least in the early days - you have to work smarter and harder. The price of success must be paid in full and it must be paid in advance. There are no shortcuts” John Cummuta 31