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GARDEN

PLANTS. GARDEN. RSBS 18 August 2011 Jonathan Loh You Qing. OVERVIEW. SPICES. “I often quote myself. It adds spice to my conversations.” - George Bernard Shaw. SPICES: Outline. History & uses Aroma & essential oils (volatile organic oils). History & Uses. Peppercorn & currency

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GARDEN

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  1. PLANTS GARDEN RSBS 18 August 2011 Jonathan Loh You Qing

  2. OVERVIEW

  3. SPICES “I often quote myself. It adds spice to my conversations.” - George Bernard Shaw

  4. SPICES: Outline • History & uses • Aroma & essential oils (volatile organic oils)

  5. History & Uses • Peppercorn & currency • Funeral pyres & anointing • The Spice Trade (3BC – 19th Century) • Mainly…enhancing flavours • Intro: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bttLYrg9CzI

  6. Coriander • Coriandrumsativum; Family Umbelliferae • Leaves, fruits used • Uses (fruits): • 45% of curry powder • Diuretic, carminative, stomachic, emmenagogue, aphrodisiac properties • Essential oils for pharmaceuticals

  7. Coriander • Fruits: • Essential oils (0.4-1.0% Vol./Weight), mainly linalool (floral with touch of spiciness) • Minor; a-pinene, g-terpinene, geranyl acetate, camphor, geraniol • Roots, stems, leaves: Aldehydes

  8. Chinese Matrimony Vine

  9. Chinese Matrimony Vine • Lyciumchinensis; Family Solanaceae • Native to China, Japan (bonsai plant) • Fruits used • TCM tonic: leaves into tea, fruits into wine • Seeds: aphrodisiac properties, roots: antifebrile, antirheumatic tonic

  10. Chinese Matrimony Vine • Fruits rich in carotene (more orange, more β-carotene) • Carotenes & photosynthesis • Protect plant against UV • Prevent decline in cognition • Anti-oxidant • Pro-Vitamin A (vision)

  11. Torch Ginger

  12. Torch Ginger • Etlingeraelatior; Family Zingiberaceae • Flowering shoot: laksa, rojak

  13. What’s common?

  14. The spices lah! • Braised pork belly/pig’s trotters: • Star anise • Cloves • Cinnamon • Garlic • Briyani: • Star anise • Nutmeg • Cumin • Pepper • Cloves • Cardamom • Cinnamon • Coriander • Ginger • Onions • Garlic

  15. Cinnamon

  16. Cloves • Syzgiumaromaticus; Family Myrtaceae • Native to the Moluccas (Indonesia), used since the time of Christ • Major spice in spice trade

  17. Cloves • Dried unopened flower buds used • Essential oils: eugenol, eugenyl acetate, b-caryophyllene • Distillation into clove oil for perfumes, cleaning agent, poultices, stomach rub

  18. Cardamom • Elettaria cardamom; Family Zingiberaceae • Dried whole fruits, seeds used • One of the most expensive (labour in harvesting, processing; ripening irreg.) • Essential oil from seeds: 1,8-cinerole, a-terpinyl acetate, oleoresin • Heart tonic, carminative, diuretic, laxative, stomachic

  19. Star Anise

  20. Star Anise • Illiciumverum; Family Illiaceae • More in Chinese than Western cooking • Treatment of lumbago, vomiting, promote menstruation

  21. Star Anise • Catechin, pro-anthocyanidin • Essential oils: • Anethole (liquorice taste) • Chavicol (peppery tatse) • Anisaldehyde (vanilla-like taste) • Manufacture of Tamiflu: Shikimic acid

  22. FRUITS   “Everyone who enjoys thinks that the principal thing to the tree is the fruit, but in point of fact the principal thing to it is the seed. -- Herein lies the difference between them that create and them that enjoy.” - Friedrich Nietzsche

  23. FRUITS: Outline • Basic fruit structure • Classification: By Placentation • Classification: By Fruits • Intro: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6rFCMTfFog

  24. Basic Fruit Anatomy

  25. Placentation • Marginal • Blue pea • Parietal • Papaya • Laminar / Superficial • Water lily • Axile • Tomato • Free-central • Kiwi • Basal • Sunflower

  26. S. A. M. • Simple: • Formed from 1 flower; ovary has 1 carpel / many fused carpels. • Aggregate: • Develop from 1 flower with many free carpels; 1 fruit from 1 carpel. • E.g. Strawberry • Multiple: • Develop from inflorescence as a bunch. • Juicy part: stalk holding bracts up. • E.g. Pineapple

  27. Pistil Androecium Corolla Calyx

  28. S > Succulent > Berry • Pericarp fleshy throughout • No hard stony endocarp • Many seeds embedded in pulp

  29. S > Succulent > Berry • Hesperidia: • Epicarp, mesocarp fused to form thick layer • Endocarp membranous, divides central pulp into little sections

  30. S > Succulent > Berry • Pepo: • Outer wall of pericarp develops from receptacle, becomes firm and hard • Inside remains soft with seeds embedded

  31. S > Succulent > Pome • Fleshy part: fusion of receptacle & fruit wall Epicarp

  32. S > Succulent > Drupe • Pericarp divided into epicarp (outer skin), mesocarp (thick, fleshy), endocarp (stony) *Coconut: mesocarp- fibrous husk, endosperm- white flesh

  33. S > Dry > Dehiscent • Dehiscents: Split open when ripe, scattering seeds

  34. S > Dry > Dehiscent • Follicle: • Forms from 1 ovary with 1 carpel, splits open on only 1 side • Peony

  35. S > Dry > Dehiscent • Legume: • Fruit forms from 1 ovary with 1 carpel; split open on 2 sides • Blue Pea • Capsule: • Fruit is many-seeded • Split in various ways • Carpels fused into an ovary • Durian

  36. S > Dry > Indehiscent • Indehiscents: Dry fruit wall, does not split open to release seeds; wall must decay before seeds released

  37. S > Dry > Indehiscent • Achene: • Fruit with single loose seed • Seed coat does not fuse with fruit wall • *Cypsela: calyx forms hair-like structures, in Tridax

  38. S > Dry > Indehiscent • Caryopsis/Grain: • One-seeded fruit, seed coat fused with fruit wall • Cereals, e.g. maize

  39. S > Dry > Indehiscent • Nut: • Pericarp becomes hard and woody/leathery • Fruit formed from ovary where carpels have fused • Usually 1 seed • Cashewnut, chestnut

  40. S > Dry > Indehiscent

  41. S > Dry > Indehiscent • Samara: • Outer wall of pericarp flattened (angsana, Casuarina) • Sepals enlarged to form wing-like structures (Dipterocarpus) • Fruit has 1 or 2 seeds

  42. S > Dry > Indehiscent • Schizocarp: • Fruits formed from ovary where carpels fused • Ripening, carpels split open; each part indehiscent, does not release seed • Desmodium, carrot, castor

  43. Join the Organic Rebellion at:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVrIyEu6h_E

  44. MEDICINAL PLANTS “The art of medicine consists of amusing the patient while Nature cures the disease.” - Voltaire

  45. Jackfruit • Artocarpusheterophyllus; Family Moraceae • Chemicals: acetylcholine, hydrocyanic acid • Burma, China, Philippines: sap used to treat ulcers, abscesses (area swollen with pus) • Fruit pulp: cooling agent, tonic • Roots: treat diarrhoea, wood for convulsions

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