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Chapters 3 and 4

Chapters 3 and 4. The Civilization of the Greeks and Hellenistic Civilizations. BRONZE AGE: 3500 – 1200 BC DARK AGE 1200 – 700 BC CLASSICAL AGE 700 – 500 BC. I. Early Greece: 3200 – 1100 BC Importance of geography in Greek history Late Bronze Age Cultures Cycladic 3200 BC – 1100 BC

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Chapters 3 and 4

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  1. Chapters 3 and 4 The Civilization of the Greeks and Hellenistic Civilizations

  2. BRONZE AGE: 3500 – 1200 BC • DARK AGE 1200 – 700 BC • CLASSICAL AGE 700 – 500 BC

  3. I. Early Greece: 3200 – 1100 BC • Importance of geography in Greek history • Late Bronze Age Cultures • Cycladic 3200 BC – 1100 BC • Location: • Religion: • Political/Military: • Urban / Rural: • Economic:

  4. Minoan 3000-1450 B.C. • Location: • Culture: • Religion: • Political/Military: • Urban / Rural: • Knossus • Economic: • Sudden and catastrophic collapse around 1100 B.C

  5. Mycenaean 1600-11 B.C. • Location: • Peloponnesus • Culture: • Religion: • Political/Military: • Urban / Rural: • Economic:

  6. All three cultures flourished prior to 12th century BC. The earliest Aegean civilization was on Crete. However, by about 1100-1000 BC, events overtook the cultures and they collapsed. No single event . Self-destruction into Dark Ages. II. Greek Dark Age: 1100 - 800 B.C. • Collapse of agricultural production, decline in number of farmers • Volcano • Changes in Greek World – • Migration east across the Aegean Sea

  7. III. Greek City-States: 800 - 500 B.C. (Archaic period) • Ethnos • Developed on mainland in Western Peloponnesus • Large territorial units but within villages and small towns • Common customs and religion united them • Governed by elite – Oligarch – rule by few • Polis • Citadel • Villages clustered around fortifications which were both protection and cult centers for specific deities • Polis is a small but autonomous political unit in which all major political, social, and religious activities are carried out in a central location • Citizenship to males only

  8. Gender and Power • Women played little role • Greek attitudes toward women and sexuality – rigid • Isolated in homes, played no public role • Firmly under husbands control – property • Women were to be good mothers and obedient wives – not friends or partners • Friendship existed only between members of same sex. • Women in public were usually prostitutes (who also were usually slaves) • Greek society did not condemn prostitution, infanticide, or exploitation of women and boys.

  9. Myth and Reason • Myth explained everything: seasons, weather, catastrophes • Myths were reasons and reason explained myths • Lineage • Titans • Olympians Zeus was the head god.

  10. Colonization and the Rise of Tyrants • Colonization • Overpopulation • Trade and commerce • Colonies founded as polis • Cultural diffusion • Tyrants • A tyrant was someone who came to rule by unconstitutional ways in 7th and 6th centuries B.C.E. – coup d’etat. Not subject to laws. • Power maintained by mercenaries.

  11. IV. Tale of Two Cities a) Sparta • Location: • Lacked: • Military History: • Military society • Citizenship • Women • Children: • Government • Reforms by Lycurgus

  12. b) Athens • Location: • Social: • Legal: • Economic:

  13. Political: • Unites surrounding area of Attica into single polis • Ruled by aristocratic clan – Alcmeonids circa 630s BC • Krylon • 650 – 621BC • 621 BC • 594 BC • Solon

  14. Pisistratus (and son Hippias) seize power in 560 B.C. • Aristocrats attempt to seize power • Cleisthenes seized power in 508 B.C.E. • Pericles - 444 B.C.

  15. V. Classical Greece I. The Challenge of Persia • During 2nd half of 6th century, Persian empire expanding and absorbing, including in and around Athens. • Unsuccessful revolt of Ionian cities – wildfire of democracy spread to Ionia, but ill fated, even with aid from Athens and Eretria. • Darius (522-486 B.C.E.) • Opposition / Revolts • Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C.E. • Destroyed myth of Persian invincibility

  16. Xerxes (486-465 B.C.E.) • Invasion of Greece, 480-479 B.C.E. • By 480 B.C, the army he assembled had approximately 100,000 to 180,000 men and a fleet of nearly 600 ships • Greek plan – fall back to Thermopylae • Battle of Thermopylae, 480 B.C.E. • Persians reach Athens and sack and burn it.

  17. Sea battles - • Battle of Salamis, 480 B.C.E. • Battle of Plataea, 479 B.C.E. • Greeks developed skills in battle – naval and hoplite movements during battles with Xerxes. • By 479 –Athens emerges as leader of Greek world

  18. II. The Athenian Empire in the Age of Pericles • End of Persian wars marks beginning of classical period. • Delian League formed 478-77 B.C.E. • Aegean • Pericles • Expanded democracy at home and an empire abroad • Elected to generalship 30 times • Built the Parthenon on the Acropolis

  19. III. The Great Peloponnesian War and the Decline of the Greek States (431-404 B.C.E.) • Athens stays behind its walls and Sparta ravages the land of Attica • Surrender of Athens, 404 B.C IV. Culture of Classical Greece I. History • Systematic analysis of the past • Herodotus (c. 484- 425 B.C.E.), History of the Persian Wars • Thucydides (c. 460- 400 B.C.E.), History of the Peloponnesian War

  20. II. Drama Created by the Greeks • Tragedians • Tragedy • Comedy III. The Arts: The Classical Ideal • Architecture • Sculpture

  21. VI. The Greek Love of Wisdom • Philosophy meant “love of wisdom” • Sophists • Socrates (469-399 B.C.) (Sophist) • Plato ( 429-347 B.C.) (Student of Socrates) • The Republic • The Academy • Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) (Student of Plato) • Politics

  22. VII.Greek Religion • Infused into their daily lives, every aspect • Ritual more important than belief. • No body of doctrine or focus on morality • Sacrifices and Festivals (Olympics 776BC, 4 yrs) • Mount Olympus • Homer’s work on the gods provided a foundation and structure that inculcated the aristocratic values of courage and honor.

  23. VIII. Daily Life in Classical Athens • 180,000 citizens, 43,000 of which were adult males who exercised political power, 35,000 foreigners. • Family the central institution • Women • Males - Paterfamilias • Slavery

  24. IX. Rise of Macedonia and the Alexander • Philip II (359-336 B.C.E.) • Greeks crushed in 338 B.C.E. at the Battle of Chaeronea • The freedom of the Greek cities had already come to an end during the Third Sacred War (354-346).

  25. X. Alexander the Great Born: Educated: Military: Alexander crowned - 336 • Attacks the Persian Empire

  26. Battle of Hydaspes River, 326 B.C. • Soldiers refuse to go on • Death June 11, 323. • Philip Arridaeus. • Perdiccas • 323 -320 – War between generals, revolts.

  27. The Legacy of Alexander • Hellenistic Age (“to imitate Greeks”) • Empire divided • Greek autonomy • Wealth used for cities and infrastructure • Greco-Macedonian domination of cities and culture throughout the ME and into Asia. • Policies remained similar if not same, while faces changed. • Monarchy • Culture • Art, architecture, language, literature • Cities

  28. New military technology (brought from Sicily) spear (2) Wide use of bribery on friendly parties in Greek poleis (3) The League Against the Persians revived by King Philip (338/7) as a way of 'uniting' the Greeks under himself (as 'hegemon': commander-in-chief) to fight the Persians (at least that's what he said). Forced Greek unity in violation of eleutheria ('liberty'). (4) Crusade of Hellenes against Asia (Philip and Alexander): expands the idea of what is Greek and brings Greeks into contact and gives them dominion over many other (older) civilizations (5) Colonies of military veterans: urbanization (6) New religious cults and attitudes change the basic ideas of the Greek polis religion, as well as the meaning of life and death, reward and punishment (dualism of Mesopotamian Zoroastrianism) 7) Alexander's policy of intermarrying himself and his chieftains with members of the Iranian aristocracies of the Persian empire (e.g. Alexander himself and Roxane from Bactria/Afghanistan) (8) Alexander's policy of founding new cities (32 ALEXANDRIAS): Greek language, Greek architecture, Greek gymnasium culture, Greek political institutions, but very mixed and mostly non-Greek citizens. The definition of 'Hellene/Greek' is no longer racial, ethnic, national-family, or even cultural in a natural develomental sense. 'Hellene' is a cultural term thereafter, but anybody can be a Hellene by adapting. (9) Appearance in Greek cities of new artifacts, ideas, habits from other civilizations: new interpretations of reality (Aristotle)

  29. XI.The Hellenistic Kingdoms • New dynasties created • Macedonia under the Antigonid dynasty • Syria and the east under the Seleucids • Attalid kingdom of Pergamum in western Asia Minor • Egypt under the Ptolemies • Hellenizing an urban phenomenon • Economic: • Agriculture (80% devoted to farming) • Money Economy – Alexander had put gold and silver into circulation which created new trading blocks and new coinage • Wealth in hands of few • Forests stripped of wood • Trade Routes increased, more physical mobility • Industry spread eastward into Asia and Egypt • Textile centers in Pergamum • Glass and silver crafts in Syria

  30. Religion: • Still had gods BUT decline in vitality of the myths and faith • Open to others – eastern world • Mystery religions impacted Greeks • Women: • Opportunities increased – upper class women • Managed slaves • Sold property • Contracted loans • More independent

  31. XII. Culture in the Hellenistic World • Literature, Art, Sciences, philosophy • Pergamum and Alexandria • Library at Alexandria – largest in ancient times (1/2 million scrolls) • Golden Age of Science • Archimedes (287-212 B.C) • Philosophy • Headquartered at Athens. • Epicurian: • Epicurus (341-270 B.C.) • Stoic: • Zeno (335-263 B.C.)

  32. XIII. Conclusion and Summary • New cities arose • New religions arose • New ideas about space, literature and our place in universe • Greek culture spread

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