ORGANISATION FOR THE PROHIBITION OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS

1. REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE FOR CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES OF STATES PARTIES IN ASIA ON TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE TRANSFERS REGIME OF THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTIONNEW DELHI, INDIA10 – 13 DECEMBER 2012 Chemicals to be monitored under CWC Declarations Branch/Verification Division ORGANISATION FOR THE PROHIBITION OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS

2. Objectives • By the end of this session participants should: • Be aware of the key CWC definitions of a chemical weapon and a toxic chemical • Understand the concept of the dual use nature of chemicals • Be familiar with the 3 Schedules of chemicals monitored by the CWC • Be familiar with some of the uses of the most common scheduled chemicals 2

3. ? What is a chemical weapon?

4. Chemical Weapon(Article II, Para 1) Means the following, together or separately: • Toxic chemicals and their precursors, except where intended for purposes not prohibited under this Convention (*) • Munitions and devices, specifically designed to cause death or other harm through the toxic properties of those toxic chemicals specified in paragraph a) • Any equipment specifically designed for use directly in connection with the employment of munitions and devices specified in paragraph b) (*) General purpose criterion defined by purpose and not by properties 4

5. Toxic Chemicals(Article II, Para 2) TOXIC CHEMICAL means any chemical which through its chemical action on life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals. This includes all such chemicals, regardless of their origin or of the method of production, and regardless of whether they are produced in facilities , in munitions or elsewhere. 5

6. Article VI of CWC • Establishes the right of a State Party to manufacture and use toxic chemicals and their precursors for activities not prohibited under the Convention • Creates legal bases for Declaration, Verification and Transfer regimes related to such chemicals, facilities and activities. • Verification Annex Parts VI to IX 6

7. Activities not Prohibited under the Convention ARTICLE II, P9 • Industrial, agricultural, research, medical, pharmaceutical or other peaceful purposes • Protective purposes • Military purposes not connected with the use of chemical weapons • Law enforcement including riot control purposes 7

8. Dual Use Nature of Chemicals • Many chemicals covered by CWC can be used for legitimate peaceful purposes as well as chemical weapons (CW) purposes. • Cannot just define a list of “banned” chemicals. • Need to define chemicals and activities to be monitored • Remember the CWC does not just cover toxic chemicals but also many non-toxic precursors that can be used to make toxic chemicals for CW purposes. 8

9. Annex on Chemicals to the CWC Sched 1 Sched 2 Activities not prohibited General Purpose Criterion Dual-use chemicals Sched 3 DOC 9

10. Schedule 1 Chemicals • It has been developed, produced, stockpiled or used as a chemical weapon ...; • It poses otherwise a high risk to the object and purpose of this Convention by virtue of its high potential for use in activities prohibited under this Convention … ; • It has little or no use for permitted purposes 10

11. Schedule 1 Chemicals • 12 entries – families or individual chemicals • Schedule 1A: toxic chemicals - Includes well known chemical weapons agents such as • Sarin, Soman, VX • Sulfur and nitrogen mustards • S1A also includes toxins Ricin and Saxitoxin • Schedule 1B - key precursors 11

12. Examples of Schedule 1ASchedules 1A01-03 – Large Families Throughout R1, R2, R3 = Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr R=alkyl or cycloalkyl, with C10 12

13. Effect of Nerve Agents 13

14. Examples of Schedule 1ASulfur Mustards 1A04 – 9 Specific Chemicals • Sulfur mustards: • 2‑Chloroethylchloromethylsulfide (2625‑76‑5) • Mustard gas: Bis(2‑chloroethyl)sulfide (505‑60‑2) • Bis(2‑chloroethylthio)methane (63869‑13‑6) • Sesquimustard: 1,2‑Bis(2‑chloroethylthio)ethane (3563‑36‑8) • 1,3‑Bis(2‑chloroethylthio)‑n‑propane (63905‑10‑2) • 1,4‑Bis(2‑chloroethylthio)‑n‑butane (142868‑93‑7) • 1,5‑Bis(2‑chloroethylthio)‑n‑pentane (142868‑94‑8) • Bis(2‑chloroethylthiomethyl)ether (63918‑90‑1) • O‑Mustard: Bis(2‑chloroethylthioethyl)ether (63918‑89‑8) Mustard or HD 14

15. Examples of Schedule 1A Lewisites 1A05 – 3 Specific Chemicals Lewisite 1: 2‑Chlorovinyldichloroarsine Lewisite 2: Bis(2‑chlorovinyl)chloroarsine Lewisite 3: Tris(2‑chlorovinyl)arsine 15

16. Examples of Schedule 1A Nitrogen Mustards 1A06 – 3 Specific Chemicals HN-1 = Bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine HN-2 = Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine HN-3 = Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine 16

17. Effect of Mustard Gas 17

18. Saxitoxin 1A07 Saxitoxin is a neurotoxin naturally produced by certain species of marine dinoflagellates (Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.) and cyanobacteria (Anabaena sp., some Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp.,Planktothrix sp.). Ingestion of saxitoxin (usually through shellfish contaminated by toxic algal blooms) is responsible for the human illness known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). 18

19. Red tides

20. Castor Bean (Ricinus communis) Ricin (1A08) is a protein toxin extracted from Castor Beans. It is found in many countries around the world

21. Schedule 1 Chemicals DF: Methylphosphonic difluoride B. Precursors: • (9) Alkyl (Me, Et, n‑Pr or i‑Pr) phosphonyldifluorides e.g. DF: (CAS No.: 676‑99‑3) • (10) O‑Alkyl (H or <C10, incl. cycloalkyl) O‑2‑dialkyl (Me, Et, n‑Pr or i‑Pr)‑aminoethyl alkyl (Me, Et, n‑Pr or i‑Pr) phosphonites and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts e.g. QL: (CAS No.: 57856‑11‑8) • (11) Chlorosarin: O‑Isopropyl methylphosphonochloridate (CAS No.: 1445‑76‑7) • (12) Chlorosoman: O‑Pinacolyl methylphosphonochloridate (CAS No.: 7040‑57‑5) QL: Ethyl 2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonite 21

22. Uses of Schedule 1 Chemicals • No large scale uses • Ricin • Anticancer research • Saxitoxin • Diagnostic kits for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning • Nitrogen Mustard • Small quantities for skin cancer treatment • Sarin – Sulfur Mustard – VX • Small quantities used for developing protection and detection methods 22

23. Schedule 2 Chemicals • ... it possesses such lethal or incapacitating toxicity as well as other properties that could enable it to be used as a chemical weapon; • It poses a significant risk ... by virtue of its importance in the production of a chemical listed in Schedule 1 or Schedule 2, part A; • It is not produced in large commercial quantities for purposes not prohibited under this Convention. 23

24. Schedule 2 Chemicals A. Toxic chemicals: • (1) Amiton: O,O‑Diethyl S‑[2‑(diethylamino)ethyl] phosphorothiolate (78‑53‑5) and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts • (2) PFIB: 1,1,3,3,3‑Pentafluoro‑2‑(trifluoromethyl)‑1‑propene (382‑21‑8) • (3) BZ: 3‑Quinuclidinyl benzilate (*) (6581‑06‑2) Virtually never traded 24

25. Schedule 2 Chemicals • Precursors: • (4) Chemicals, except for those listed in Schedule 1, containing a phosphorus atom to which is bonded one methyl, ethyl or propyl (normal or iso) group but not further carbon atoms, e.g. Methylphosphonyl dichloride (676‑97‑1) Dimethyl methylphosphonate (756‑79‑6) Exemption: Fonofos: (944‑22‑9) . . . • (10) N,N‑Dialkyl (Me, Et, n‑Pr or i‑Pr) aminoethyl-2-chorides and corresponding protonated salts • (13) Thiodiglycol: Bis(2‑hydroxyethyl)sulfide (111‑48‑8) • (14) Pinacolyl alcohol: 3,3‑Dimethylbutan‑2‑ol (464‑07‑3) R= Me, Et, Pr or iPr

26. Examples of Uses of a Specific Schedule 2 Chemical • Thiodiglycol • Carrier for Dyes in Textile & Printing Industry • Co-solvent in Water-based Pen Inks • Manufacture of Some Types of Plastics, Resins and Adhesives • Lubricant Additive • BUT 1 STEP FROM MUSTARD GAS 26

27. Examples of Uses of a Specific Schedule 2 Chemical • Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) • Used as flame retardant for foamed polyurethane plastics and as flame retarding impregnant e.g. for textiles • Several other chemicals from Schedule 2B04 used in similar applications (e.g. diethyl ethylphosphonate) • BUT KEY PRECURSORS FOR THE NERVE AGENTS 27

28. Examples of Sch 2 Commercial Uses Was a commercial pesticide withdrawn due to toxicity Amiton PFIB Waste Constituent BZ Pharmaceuticals, Medical Research Flame retardants, Anti-Foam agents, Gasoline/Oil Additives Viscosity depressants, Textiles, Drugs, Schedule 2B4 Family Dialkylphosphoramidic Dihalides Family None Dialkyl N,N-dialkyl- Phosphoramidates Family Polyamide Fibers, Fireproofing agents 28

29. Examples of Sch 2 Commercial Uses Purifying Arsenic, Semiconductor manuf. Catalyst in CFC Manuf. Organoarsines/Chloroarsines Arsenic Trichloride Polishing stainless steel, Catalyst for Urethanes, Hydantoin manufacture Antichigger Clothing Treatment Diphenyl-2-hydroxyacetic acid Organic Ammonium Bromides Drug Research Laboratory Reagent/Catalyst Quinuclidin-3-ol N,N-Dialkylaminoethane- 2-ols Family Manufacturing organic thiols N,N-Dialkylaminoethane- 2-thiols Family Drugs, Food Flavourings, Antibacterials 29

30. Examples of Sch 2 Commercial Uses Drugs, Agrochemicals, Dyes, Calcium Filler for Paper/Plastics N,N-Dialkylaminoethyl- 2-chlorides Family Wetting agent in textile dyeing, Dye solvent, Antioxidant, Anticorrosives, Inks, Epoxy resins, Fabrics Thiodiglycol Organic synthesis Pinacolyl alcohol 30

31. Schedule 3 Chemicals • It has been produced, stockpiled or used as a chemical weapon; • … it possesses such lethal or incapacitating toxicity as well as other properties that might enable it to be used as a chemical weapon; • It poses a risk by virtue of its … importance in the production of one or more chemicals listed in Schedule 1 or Schedule 2B; • It may be produced in large commercial quantities for purposes not prohibited under this Convention. 31

32. Schedule 3 Chemicals A. Toxic chemicals: • (1) Phosgene: Carbonyl dichloride (75‑44‑5) • (2) Cyanogen chloride (506‑77‑4) • (3) Hydrogen cyanide (74‑90‑8) • (4) Chloropicrin: Trichloronitromethane (76‑06‑2) B. Precursors: • (5) Phosphorus oxychloride (10025‑87‑3) • (6) Phosphorus trichloride (7719‑12‑2) . . . • (16) Methyldiethanolamine (105-59-9) • (17) Triethanolamine (102‑71‑6) 32

33. Examples of Uses of a Specific Schedule 3 Chemical • Triethanolamine (1) • Desulfurisation in Petroleum Refining • Intermediate in Manufacture of Surface Active Agents, Textile Specialties, Waxes, Polishes, Herbicides, Petroleum Emulsifiers, Cement Additives, Cutting Oils • Making Emulsions with Mineral & Vegetable Oils, Paraffin & Waxes • Solvent for Dyes 33

34. Examples of Uses of a Specific Schedule 3 Chemical • Triethanolamine (2) • Manufacture of Synthetic Resins • Increasing Penetration of Organic Liquids into Wood & Paper • Production of Lubricants for the Textile Industry • PH balancer in cosmetics • BUT 1 STEP FROM NITROGEN MUSTARD 34

35. Examples of Sch 3 Commercial Uses Polyurethanes, Polycarbonates, Drugs, Perfumes, Fumigants, Dyes, Chlorinating agent Phosgene Herbicides, Dyes, Vitamins, Rubber vulcanization, Laboratory reagent Cyanogen chloride Adiponitrile, Acetone cyanohydrin, Drugs, Sodium Cyanide, Cyanuric chloride, Methionine, Plastics, Pesticides, Bleaches, Sanitizers, Fumigants Hydrogen cyanide Chloropicrin Fumigants, Rodenticides, Antioxidants 35

36. Examples of Sch 3 Commercial Uses Flame retardants, Plasticizers, Plastics, Elastomers, Surfactants, Pesticides, Lube Oils, Greases, Catalyst Phosphorus oxychloride Phosphorus trichloride Catalyst, Chlorinating agent, Polymers, Flame retardants, Surfactants, batteries Phosphorus pentachloride Insecticides, Adhesives, Polyolefins, Flame retardants, Other phosphites Trimethyl phosphite Pesticides, Plastic additives, Antioxidants, Flame retardants, Corrosion inhibitors, Viscosity depressant Triethyl phosphite Corrosion Inhibitor, Antioxidant, Stabilizer Adhesives, Pesticides, Antifungals, Fire retardants Dimethyl phosphite 36

37. Examples of Sch 3 Commercial Uses Catalyst, Antifungals, Insecticides, Lube oil additives, Color preventative Diethyl phosphite Vulcanizing rubber, Lube oil additives, Antioxidants, Crosslinking, Solvent, Catalyst Sulfur monochloride Chlorinating agent, Antibiotics, Pesticide, Lube oil additives, Antioxidants, Funguicide Sulfur dichloride Acid chlorides, Herbicides, Insecticides, Fumigants, Thermoplastics, Surfactants, Drugs, Vitamins, Dyes, Catalyst, Batteries, Chlorinating agent, Photography Thionyl chloride 37

38. Examples of Sch 3 Commercial Uses Surfactants (cosmetics, detergents, cleaners) Gas Purification Electroplating Lubricants Derusting Pickling steel Coagulants Softening agents Antistatic agents Synthetic fibers Flame retardants Urethanes Pesticides Propellants Ethyldiethanolamine Methyldiethanolamine Triethanolamine 38

39. Scheduled Chemicals • Schedule 1 - 12 families or individual chemicals • Theoretically over 2 million individual chemicals • approx 950 individual chemicals declared • Traded in very small amounts (often grams or less) • Schedule 2 - 14 families or individual chemicals • Theoretically millions of individual chemicals • 300 individual chemicals declared • 20 regularly traded in moderate volume • Schedule 3 - 17 individual chemicals • 15 regularly traded - some very large volume • Other 2 not generally traded but produced and used onsite. 39

40. DOC/PSF Chemicals • DISCRETE ORGANIC CHEMICAL Any chemical belonging to the class of chemical compounds consisting of all compounds of carbon except for its oxides, sulfides and metal carbonates, identifiable by chemical name, by structural formula, if known, and by Chemical Abstracts Service registry number, if assigned • PSF-Chemical Any unscheduled discrete organic chemical containing the elements phosphorus, sulphur or fluorine 40

41. DOC/PSF Chemicals (2) • Vast range of chemicals – interest in capabilities of plants producing them rather than chemicals themselves • Hence no import/export provisions 41

42. Questions ?