1 / 53

Asian Empires/Early African Kingdoms

Asian Empires/Early African Kingdoms. Mr. Ochoa World History Chapters 10 - 12. Building A Muslim Empire (pgs. 310 – 316) Early Challenges to Islam. Arabs unite under Islam Muhammad dies – need successor Abu Bakr (father in law) Becomes caliph (successor) Followers refuse Bakr

dianne
Download Presentation

Asian Empires/Early African Kingdoms

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Asian Empires/Early African Kingdoms Mr. Ochoa World History Chapters 10 - 12

  2. Building A Muslim Empire (pgs. 310 – 316)Early Challenges to Islam Arabs unite under Islam • Muhammad dies – need successor • Abu Bakr (father in law) • Becomes caliph (successor) • Followers refuse Bakr • Winning battles against rivals unites Muslims • Converted Arab tribes to Islam Early Victories • Victory for 1st four caliphs • Defeats Byzantines & Persians

  3. Divisions Emerge Within Islam Sunnis & Shiites • Shiites believed Muhammad designated Ali (son in law) to become successor • Believe true successors to prophet are decedents of Ali & Muhammad’s daughter • Empowered to interpret the Quran & actions of Muhammad • Sunnis – inspiration comes from example of Muhammad as recorded by early followers

  4. Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire Expanding the Muslim Empire • Ali death – Meccan clan set up Umayyad (Sunni Dynasty) • From Egypt Muslim armies defeated Byzantine forces across N. Africa • 711, Muslim forces conquered Spain • 731, Muslim army moved into France • Lost to Franks at battle of Tours

  5. Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire Reasons for Muslim success • Enemies weakness • Byzantine & Persian battled each other rigorously • Many welcomed Arabs as liberators • Fighting Methods • Camel & horse cavalry • Mobile attacks overwhelm foes • Unified State • Brought together by religion

  6. Umayyad Caliphs Build An Empire Decline of the Umayyad Caliphate • Problems • Adopted, desert to city living • Tribal leaders to kings with big bureaucracies • 700s, conquest slows • Tension increased between wealthy Arabs (less) • Resources went to caliphs lifestyle

  7. The Rise of the Abbasids (Abu al-Abbas) Tried to create empire based on equality • Stopped large military conquest • Reached great wealth & power • Islam becomes more diverse • Discrimination against non-Arab Muslims ended • Moved capital (Damascus to Baghdad) Splendors of Baghdad • Al Mansur made Baghdad capital • Poets, scholars, philosophers, & entertainers • Gardens, palaces, & mosques

  8. Muslim Empire Declines Seljuk Turks take control • 900, Turks take control • Adopted Islam – empire across Fertile Crescent • 1055, Seljuk Sultan controlled Baghdad • Mongols sweep across C. Asia • Genghis Khan led Mongols across Asia • 1258 Hulagu (Khan’s grandson) burned & looted Baghdad

  9. India’s Muslim Empires (pgs. 324-328)The Delhi Sultanate The Sultan of Delhi Defeats the Hindus • 1000 – Muslim, Turks, & Afghans moved to India • Fierce warriors • Mahmud of Ghazi moved North • 1100s, the Sultan (Muslim ruler) defeated Hindu armies • Delhi new capital The Sultans lose power • 1398 Tamerlane invaded India • Thousands of artisans were enslaved to build capital (Samarkand)

  10. The Delhi Sultanate/Muslim & Hindus Clash • Sultans no longer controlled large empire • N. India fragmented • Rivals Hindu & Muslim states Hindu-Muslim Differences • Muslim conquest of N. India inflicted disaster on Hindu & Buddhists • Led to decline of Buddhism • Hinduism ancient religion (polytheistic) – Muslim (Mono) • Hindus, caste system • Muslim, equality for all (no religious hierarchy)

  11. A Blending of Cultures Muslim Sultans grew tolerant of Hindus • Muslim scholars argue that behind Hindu gods were a single power • Hinduism accepted as monotheistic religion • Hindus allowed to practice if they paid poll tax • Muslims absorbed elements of Hindu culture • Marriage customs & caste ideas • Indian man, Nanak, sought to blend Islamic & Hindu beliefs • Unity of god • Led to new religion Sikhism (caste, reincarnation)

  12. Mongol India/Akbar the Great Babur – claimed descent from Genghis Khan • Took over Delhi set up the Mongol Dynasty • 1526 – 1857 Akbar the Great (Babur’s grandson) • 1556 – 1605 • Opened govt. jobs to Hindus • Treated Hindu princes as his partners • Ended tax on non-Muslims • Promoted religious tolerance • Paid officials, encouraged trade, standardized weight & measures

  13. Akbar the Great Akbar’s Successors • Nur Jahan – Akbar’s son • Left most of the duties to his wife • Shah Jahan – Akbar’s grandson • Wife died at 39 after giving birth to 14 children • Built TajMahal after her

  14. The Ottoman & Safavid Empires (pgs. 329-333) The Ottoman Empire Expands • Ottomans – Turkish speaking nomadic people • Constantinople falls to Ottomans • Mehmet II captured Constantinople (1453) • Ottomans launched ships outside Constantinople • Two month siege – cannons blasted gaps in walls • New capital of the Ottoman empire (Istanbul) • Ruled for next 200 years

  15. The Ottoman Empire Expands Suleiman the Magnificent (Golden Age) • Ruled from 1520 – 1566 • Modernized army & conquered many lands • 1529, armies besieged Vienna (Austria) • Failed to take it over • Had most powerful empire in both Europe & the Middle East for centuries

  16. Ottoman Culture Society is Organized Into Classes • Social classes • Top men of the sword – soldiers who guarded the Sultan & defended scientists, lawyers, judges & poets • Middle – merchants, tax collectors, & artisans • Bottom – farmers or herders

  17. Ottoman Culture Janizaries – The Elite Force • Ottomans recruited officers for army & govt. • Converted to Islam & put in military training • Best recruits were placed in janizaries • Elite force of the Ottoman empires Decline of the Ottomans • Declined after Suleiman death • Killed two sons • Believed they were guilty of treason • 3rd son (Selim II) was successor • Bureaucracy became corrupt

  18. The Safavid Empire Abbas the Great • Safavid Dynasty (Iran) • Shiite Muslims • King called the Shah • Shah Abbas ruled from 1588 to 1629 • Created military force modeled on the Ottoman janizaries • Reduced taxes on farmers & herders • Tolerated non-Muslims • New capital Isfahan

  19. The Safavid Empire The Safavid Empire declines • Declined after Abbas’ death • Faced pressure from Ottomans • Shiite scholars challenged Shahs authority • Encouraged persecution of religious minorities • Sunni Afghans rebelled • Late 1700s Qajars won control of Iran

  20. Early Civilizations of Africa (340-344)The Influence of Geography Graphic patterns • Physical features • Tropical rain forests • Savannas – grassy plains • Sahara – largest desert in the world • Cataracts – water falls Resources Spur Trade • Mineral wealth • Salt, gold, iron, and copper • Camels used for trading • Created new trade networks

  21. People & Ideas Migrate The Sahara dries out • 5500 B.C., domestication of plants & animals • Farming spread across N. Africa • 2500 B.C., climate dried out Sahara • Desertification, destroyed thousands of acres • Migration ensued The Bantu Migration • Bantu speakers – migrated into Southern Africa • Spread farming, iron working, & domestication

  22. Nubia Flourishes Along the Nile Nubia Rivals Egypt • Upper Nile (Nubia/Kush) • Trade led to contact between Nubia & Egypt • Rivals emerge/control of land • 1500 B.C. Nubia was under Egyptian control (500 yrs.) • Nubians adopted Egyptian traditions • 1100 B.C. Egyptian control declined & Nubia gained independence • 730 B.C. Nubian King Piankhi conquered Egypt

  23. Nubia Flourishes Along the Nile/Outside Influences Splendor & decline • Nubian culture • Worshiped own gods • Artistic styles showed freedom • Own writing system • 350 A.D. overtaken by the kingdom of Axum Phoenicians Build Carthage • N. African power • Traders founded on Mediterranean coast • 800 B.C. – 146 B.C. empire stretched from Tunisia, Algeria, & Morocco to S. Europe • Burnt to ground after 3rd Punic War

  24. Outside Influences Rome rules N. Africa • Rome gained control of N. Africa • Built roads, dams, aqueducts & cities • Christianity spread to N. Africa Islam spreads into Africa • 690s, Muslim Arabs conquered & occupied N. Africa • Islam replaces Christianity • Cairo & Marrakesh emerge

  25. Kingdoms of W. Africa (346-351)Trade in the Sahara Surplus Leads to Trade • Sahara dried out • Moved to savanna area (grassland) • 100 C.E. agricultural villages were expanding • Along Senegal & Niger Rivers • Began to produce a surplus • Trade for products • Trade network linked savanna forest land in S. Africa • Funneled goods across the Sahara & along the Mediterranean

  26. Trade in the Sahara/Ghana Land of Gold Trading Gold for Salt • Available in Ghana, Nigeria, & Senegal • Between 500-1600, 8 tons exported annually • W. Africans traded for salt • Lost in sweat • Food preservation • Abundance of salt in Sahara Ghana land of gold • Not present day Ghana (Mali) • Niger & Senegal • King collected tolls on all goods flowing

  27. The Kingdom of Mali Mansa Musa Rules Mali • Mali “where the king dwells” • Mansa – King of Mali • Expanded influence over the gold-mining regions • Mansa Musa takes over in 1312 • Expanded borders form Mali to the Atlantic • Converted to Islam • Promoted religious freedom & tolerance

  28. Kingdoms E. Africa (352-356)Axum: Center of Goods & Ideas Axum • Axum people descended from African farmers & people of Middle East • Brought Jewish traditions through Arabia Trade Brings Wealth • Trade network (triangle) Africa, India, & Mediterranean world • Goods & enslaved peoples funneled through • Ivory, animal hides, & gold • Irons, spices, precious stones

  29. Axum: Center of Goods & Ideas/Ethiopia Axum Converts to Christianity • 300s Christianity reached Axum • King Ezana made Christianity the official religion • 600s, Islam spread across the region • Many rulers embraced the faith • Axum remained Christian (isolated from network) • Civil War & economic decline weakened Axum Ethiopia: Isolated • Axum’s cultural ties remained in Ethiopia

  30. Ethiopia Isolated • Mountains surrounded (protection) • Christianity gave identity different from neighbors • King Lalibela built churches • Carved from ground level downward (still exist) Judaism in Ethiopia • Kings claimed descent form king Solomon (israelite) • Some practiced Judaism rather than Christianity

  31. East African City-States Trading Centers Flourish • Trading goods • Ivory, leopard, skins, iron, copper, gold • Arabia, Persia, & China • Cotton cloth, silk, spices, & porcelain • India, S.E. Asia, & China • Merchants became wealthy & local rulers created strong city-states

  32. East African City-States/The Stone Houses Great Zimbabwe Trade shapes Swahili • E. African international trade system • Swahili (language) developed • Settlers arrive • E. African culture absorbs new elements • Architecture (E. African & Arabic designs) Inland capital of Trade • Zimbabwe (Bantu meaning stone houses) • Flourished between 900s – 1500 • Brought iron, mining, methods & farming skills • Archaeologists found beads from India & porcelain from China • Part of trade network across Indian Ocean Zimbabwe falls to Ruins • 1500 begins to decline • Some suggest population had grown too much • Civil war & dwindling trade

  33. Societies in Medieval Africa (357-361) Family patterns • Nuclear family – parents & children living together • Extended family – parents, children, & several generations such as grandparents & uncles Kinship • Family organizations • Patrilineal, inheritance passed through father’s side • Matrilineal, inheritance traded through mother’s side Extended Lineages • Lineage – group of households who claimed a common ancestor • Several lineages = clan • Gives sense of community & responsibility to community

  34. Political Patterns Power sharing • As community grows, need for govt. increases • Power shared among a number of people • Some chiefs had more authority • Some elders made decisions • Some women took dominate role • Consensus – general agreement • Older men & women opinions carry more weight Limited power • Villages grouped into districts governed by king

  35. Religious Beliefs/Golden Ages of China Beliefs • Polytheistic • Identified forces of nature with divine spirits • Rituals and ceremonies • 1000 C.E., Christianity & Islam spread to many regions The Tang Dynasty Reunifies China • Han Dynasty collapses in 220 • Tang Dynasty restores China 618

  36. The Tang Dynasty Reunifies China The Tang Build an empire • Li Yuan general of Sui Dynasty • Li Shimin (Son) urged revolt • Father & son crushed rivals • Shimin takes throne becomes Tang Tai Zong • Conquered land in C. Asia • Vietnam, Tibet, & Korea became tributary states • Acknowledged Supremacy of China

  37. The Tang Dynasty Reunifies China The Government & Economy Grow • Wu Zhao (only female empress) restores uniform govt. • Built bureaucracy • Recruited talented officials • Set up schools • Emperors created land reform • Break up large agricultural holdings & redistributed land to peasants

  38. The Tang Dynasty Reunifies China/China’s Ordered Society The Tang Dynasty declines • Weakens • Lost land in C. Asia to Arabs • Corruption, high taxes, drought & famine • 907, rebel general overthrew the last Tang emperor The Gentry value education • Scholars top of social pyramid • Most came from gentry • Wealthy landowner class

  39. China’s Ordered Society • Could afford years of studying Confucian classics • Song Dynasty valued education more than physical labor (Song created gun powder) • Emphasized social order based on duty, rank & proper behavior Peasants work the land • Most lived on what they produced • Drought & famine always a threat • Lived in small villages • Village leader & council of elders • Resolved disputes • Peasants could move up (education & civil service)

  40. China’s Ordered Society The status of women • Women ran family affairs • Wife & mother managed finances • Boys valued more than girls • Women became part of husbands family • Could not keep dowry • Payment women bring to a marriage • Binding feet • Only half a foot allowed to grow naturally • Tiny feet became symbol of beauty

  41. The Mongol & Ming Empires (376-382)Mongol Armies Build An Empire • Mongols nomadic people • Grazed their horses & sheep on steppes (treeless plain) • Genghis Khan (Universal ruler) • Empire Pacific Ocean to E. Europe Mongols invade China • G. Khan, strict military discipline • Most skilled horsemen • He could order a massacre of a whole city • Conquered Asian steppe • Easy • China created a problem • walled cities, cannons used • G. Khan did not see fall of China, heirs dominated for next 150 yrs.

  42. Mongol Armies Build An Empire/China Under Mongol Rule Rulers Establish order and peace • Conquered had freedom but must pay tribute • G. Khan set precedent • 1200s & 1300s Khan relatives established peace • Pax Mongolia (Mongol peace) • Mongols controlled the Silk Road China under Mongol Rule • Kublai Khan toppled Song Dynasty in 1279

  43. China Under Mongol Rule Marco Polo writes about China • Italian merchant • Visited China during the Yuan Dynasty • Spent 17 yrs. In Kublai’s service • Writings • Account of wealth & splendor of China • Efficient mail system • City of Hang Zhou • Reported 10X bigger than Venice

  44. The Ming Restore Chinese Rule • Yuan declines after Kublai’s death (1294) • Heavy taxes, corruption, & natural disasters • Led to uprising • Zhu Yuan Zhang toppled Mongols • Founded Ming Dynasty • Restored civil service system • Confucian learning The economy grows • 100 million population

  45. The Ming Restore Chinese Rule/Chinese Fleets Sail • Chang River valley • Produced rice • Farming improved • 1500s, China receives corn & sweet potatoes • Canal system linked regions • Trade grew Zhang He & his fleets • 1405, He commanded 7 expeditions • 62, large ships & 200 smaller ones • Crews of 28,000 sailors • 1405 – 1433 explored S.E. Asia & India • Visited E. Africa • Giraffes imported

  46. Chinese Fleets Sail Exploration Ends • 1435 He died • Banned building of ships • Ships retired & rotted away • Why? (Unsure) • Fleets costly/no profit • Scholars had little interest

  47. The Emergence of Japan (387-395)Geography Sets Japan Apart • Archipelago – chain of islands Sea protect Japan • 4/5 of land too mountainous to farm • Most people live in narrow river valley • Surrounding seas protected & isolated Japan • Learned from Korea & China • Too far away for China to conquer • Could reject Chinese influence Forces of nature • Major forces of nature • Ring of fire – chain of volcanoes that encircle the Pacific • Cause Tsunamis

  48. Early Traditions The Yamato Clan claims power • Japanese migrated to island 2,000 yrs. Ago • Early Japanese society divided into clans • Chief (god or goddess) • Clan original ancestor • 500 C.E. Yamato Clan dominates • 1st & only dynasty • Claimed direct descent from sun goddess • Rising sun as a symbol • Later – emperors severed as living god

  49. Early Traditions/Japan Looks to China A religion of nature • Some clans honored superior powers (Kami) • Natural or divine • Known as Shinto (way of kami) • Still present in Japan The Japanese visit china • Visitors stayed for year long trips • Learn negotiating, trading & studying • Visitors taught Japanese findings • Thought, tech, art, govt. ideas • Adopted law code similar to Chinas

  50. Japan Looks to China • 710, capital (Nara) built • Nobles spoke Chinese • Food & fashion based on Chinese • Buddhism & Confucian ideas took root Selective borrowing preserves culture • Discarded & modified others (selective borrowing) • Civil service never accepted • Focused on family position • 800s, Tang China declined • 400 yrs later Japan modified

More Related