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Gilligan’s Criticisms of Kohlberg LOBJ 10.14

Gilligan’s Criticisms of Kohlberg LOBJ 10.14. Carol Gilligan: Kohlberg’s stages of moral development may not apply equally to males & females. Males = justice orientation Females = care orientation Research fails to uphold this idea. Emotional Development: Attachment.

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Gilligan’s Criticisms of Kohlberg LOBJ 10.14

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  1. Gilligan’s Criticisms of KohlbergLOBJ 10.14 • Carol Gilligan: Kohlberg’s stages of moral development may not apply equally to males & females. • Males = justice orientation • Females = care orientation Research fails to uphold this idea

  2. Emotional Development: Attachment • Attachment is a strong emotional tie a person feels toward special people in his or her life • Lifelong process • Bonding is a process of emotional attachment hypothesized to occur between parents and infants soon after birth • Not a reflex or a learned behavior • May not occur at time of birth

  3. Harlow’s Monkeys: Attachment– LOBJ 10.15 • Harry Harlow (1905-1981) at the U. of Wisconsin • Rhesus monkeys • wire mothers • Cloth mothers • Feeding was not the trick to bring about attachment • Contact Comfort • Still not normal • Could be reversed

  4. John Bowlby: attachment is biologically driven and promotes survival Smell, touch, sound Leads to trust and security Be sure to read Psychology in Action, pg. 368. (Romanian Orphans) Mary Ainsworth: separation anxiety and the strange situation  attachment styles Secure (60%) Avoidant (20%) Resistant (15%) Disoriented (5%) Affects adult relationships Biological or adoptive Attachment in Infants: Bowlby & Ainsworth

  5. Time spent with babies promotes secure attachment “Secure” babies have caregivers who are affectionate and especially responsive Some researchers argue that secure attachment makes cognitive and social development smoother Childcare – Good or evil? Harvey (1999) Cognitive, academic, behavioral, emotional dev. Of 6000+ children Large sample size Longitudinal Not a big deal to use daycare It’s about many other factors (home risk) Other Aspects of Attachment – LOBJ 10.16

  6. Temperament refers to long-lasting individual differences in disposition, the intensity and quality of emotional reactions Biologically based Moderately stable over time and circumstance (shyness) Not fixed and unchangeable A major study of temperament is the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) performed by Thomas and Chess The NYLS study found four types of infants: The easy child (40% of children) The slow-to-warm-up child (15%) The difficult child (10%) The unique child (35%) May persist into adulthood…depends on parenting, environment, fit with caregiver, etc. Temperament – the early foundation of personality - LOBJ 10.18

  7. Social Development - LOBJ 10.20 • Family is the first social environment • Influence of mothers is widely acknowledged • A father’s affection is as important as love from a mother • The quality of the time the father spends with children is affected by mother’s attitude

  8. Gender Role Development – LOBJ 10.21 • Sex = biology • Gender = behavior and mental processes of “male” and “female” • Gender is reinforced by society • Colors • Names • Expectations

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