Chapter 5: Ancient Greece

1. Chapter 5: Ancient Greece Chapter Outline 1 Early People of the Aegean 2 The Rise of Greek City-States 3 Victory and Defeat in the Greek World 4 The Glory That Was Greece 5 Alexander and the Hellenistic Age

2. Early People of the Aegean:The Minoans • One of the first civilizations, the Minoans, began to thrive in the land of Crete. • They spread by trade and got to places as far as Africa.

3. The people were run from the Palace of Knossos a place where the rulers and royal families lived. • The walls were decorated with pictures of what is believed to be a mother goddess. • By 1400 BC there civilization disappeared not known by what but some believe the next great civilization, The Mycenaean’s, may have played a part.

4. Early People of the Aegean:The Mycenaean • An Indo-European group that controlled much of Greece before conquering Crete. • They learned many things such as how to trade from the Minoans and the Mesopotamians. • Each of there towns were run by a warrior-king from his fortress

5. The Mycenaean were known for there role in the Trojan War. After looking it over scholars agree that the war actually happened. • Over the years the war has gained a more romantic cause of Paris kidnapping Helen, and they fight to get her back. • Most of the history kept from back then was by oral record. Many epics were told that way such as Homer and the Odyssey.

6. Homer and the Odyssey A jar made to depict the story of Homer and the Odyssey.

7. The Rise of the Greek City States:Geography/ Government • Greece is on a peninsula with many mountains. In the few valleys they have people began to farm. • With many harbors it made it easy for people and trade to spread. • The cities were on two levels a polis where the people live and the acropolis with a temple to honor the gods and goddess’s.

8. The government in this area changed many times. First it was a monarch, then an aristocracy, and last a oligarchy. • There were also many changes in warfare from iron weapons to the phalanx formation.

9. The Rise of Greek City StatesForces for Unity: • Even though the Greek city states fought they were not divided completely because they shared the same language, culture and tradition. • Like many early groups they were polytheistic and praised gods with temples and festivals. • They believed they were superior to all non-Greeks this later helped them to defeat Persia

10. The Rise of Greek City-StatesSparta: A nation of soldiers/ Athens a limited Democracy • The people had a rigorous citizenship. The sick people were killed young and boys started military training at the age of 7. People could not leave Sparta. • Women were pressured to have healthy children and by law had to listen to there husband or father. • Another civilization Athens formed in Attica, moving from Monarch to Aristocracy.

11. The people disliked the nobles and the limited democracy needed reform. • Solon got rid of debt slavery, gave citizenship to foreigners, also leaving many limitations since most were slaves and women weren’t allowed to leave the house. • Boys went to school if there parents could afford it. There they studied poetry, public speaking, and athletic contests

12. The Persian Wars • The Persian wars consisted of the many battles between Greece and Persia. • One of the more famous battles was the battle of Marathon. • The Greeks had around 300 men while the Persians hadover 10,000.

13. The Greeks made the Persians suffer so much that they ended up winning the battle. • later in 480 b.c. King Xerxes of Persia brought together a much larger force but still was not able to conquer Greece. • In the end Persia backed down from their attempt to conquer Greece. The Greeks had won.

14. Shrine dedicated to the battle of Marathon

15. The Age of Percales • All men during the age of Percales were to take part in government. • During the age of Percales a civil war broke out. • The battle was Greeks fighting Greeks. • This was known as the Peloponnesian war. • The two rivals were Athens and Sparta. • In the end Sparta emerged victorious.

16. Spartan warrior

17. Plato and Aristotle • Plato and Aristotle were the greatest philosophers of their time. • Plato believed in reason and rational thought, and also in the republic. • Aristotle questioned Democracy. • He also set up a school for his teachings in Lyceum. • Both of them had an old teacher Socrates. • He passed away during this time period.

18. Socrates Plato

19. Greek Art & Culture • -Plato theorized that all of Earth’s objects had an ideal form. • -The Pantheon was supposedly idealistic, being simple (a rectangle) with many columns and a graceful sloped roof. • -Early Greek sculptors did their work in Egyptian form, with a rigid stature. • -Sculptors sculpted also in an idealistic form. That is, while realistic, the sculptures showed toned muscles, a handsome face and washboard abs, even though, say, the athlete was overweight and ugly.

20. -Gods and Goddesses were also shown on sculptures regularly. • -The only Greek paintings that survived the times were on vases. They had many lifelike views of Ancient Greek life.

21. Greek Dramas • -Poetry and Drama from Ancient Greece is still admired to these modern days. • -Such poetry included Homer’s Epics, The Illiad and The Odyssey. • -The Greek Dramas were separated into two Genres, Comedies and Tragedies. • - The Greatest playwrights of the Tragedies were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. • - The Best known Comedy playwright was Aristophanes, of which almost all Greek Comedies come from. • -History was another respected area, and the two large writers of Histories were Herodotus (The Persian Wars) and Thucydides (The Peloponnesian War).

23. The Rise of Macedonia • -Philip II, King of Macedonia, took control of Greece through diplomacy, war, and subterfuge. • -Philip hired Aristotle to teach his young son, Alexander, the ways of war and ruling. • -Before Philip could attack the Persian Empire, his dream, he was assassinated at his Daughter’s wedding feast. • -Olympias, one of Philip’s wives, outmaneuvered the other wives and placed Alexander on the throne of Macedonia and Greece. • -Alexander was 20 years old when he inherited the throne, and believed himself to be the next Achilles. • -In the next 12 years, he would earn a reputation as reckless, skilled, and confident Emperor.

24. Alexander the Great • -Alexander took firm control of Greece, and when Thebes rebelled, he ordered the entire population to be sold into slavery or killed, and the city burned • -In 334 B.C, Alexander fulfilled his father’s dream and crossed the Dardanelles strait, therefore starting the invasion of Persia. • -By the time of Alexander’s rule, Persia was weakened under the unpopular Emperor Darius III. At the battle of Granicus River, Alexander won his first major battle.

25. -By 331 B.C., Alexander conquered Palestine, Asia Minor, Egypt, and Babylon. However, entering India, he suffered major casualties and had to pull back. And after his failure there, he fell ill and died suddenly without an heir. • - With the death of Alexander, his Empire fell into many factions, including the Ptolemaic Egyptian Empire, the Seleucid Empire in Asia Minor, Pontus on the south coast of the Black Sea, Thrace on the east coast of the Black Sea, Macedonia, The Greek Cities, and Persia. All of them were led by Alexander’s former generals and advisors.

26. - Alexander’s quest to conquer the world formed the Hellenistic culture, which mixed Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Eastern ideas into one large group. At the center of this Hellenistic civilization was the city of Alexandria, Egypt. It was the first city to have a million inhabitants, and had the Pharos Lighthouse, one of the 7 wonders of the world.