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Cold War America

Cold War America. Origins of the Cold War (Cracks in the Alliance) Russians: Acting like Allies? Russian behavior in Eastern Europe Iron Curtain- “Friendly” Gov’ts. Nuremburg Trials. Allies Clash at Potsdam. Economic & Political systems non-compatible USA USSR

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Cold War America

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  1. Cold War America Origins of the Cold War (Cracks in the Alliance) Russians: Acting like Allies? Russian behavior in Eastern Europe Iron Curtain- “Friendly” Gov’ts

  2. Nuremburg Trials

  3. Allies Clash at Potsdam Economic & Political systems non-compatible USAUSSR -Harry Truman - Joseph Stalin - Democracy - Dictatorship - Capitalism - Communism - Goals & Objectives for rebuilding Europe differ

  4. USA Encourage democracy Rebuild Europe to ensure economic stability Free elections Economic markets for the US. Reunite Germany USSR Encourage communism Control Eastern Europe. Keep Germany divided and weak “Friendly communist neighbors” – satellite nations Workers’ paradise is inevitable U.S.A vs. USSR Aims in Rebuilding Europe

  5. George Kennan and the “Long Telegram” 2/46 • Soviets are Russians • Warm-water Ports • Pan-Slavism • Soviets are Commies • Inevitable World Revolution • Patience • Soviets Must Be Contained • Became the Article “Sources of Soviet Conduct published in Foreign Affairs in 1947

  6. America Helps to Re-Build Europe:(Japan rebuilt, too) • The Truman Doctrine • Give economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey ($400 million) • U.S. will support any country trying to resist takeovers by armed minorities” • The Marshall Plan • Prevent expansion of communism through economic development • $12.5 billion to aid against hunger, poverty, & chaos • Die Ehe von Maria Braun

  7. Drawing Lines in Europe “An Iron Curtain has descended upon Europe” --------------------------------------------- Berlin Airlift Soviet Aggression & American Response NATO Military Alliance aimed at the Soviets Warsaw Pact Military Alliance aimed at the USA

  8. Berlin Airlift 1948

  9. Nationalists Leader: Chiang Kai-shek Location: South China Beliefs/Philosophy: Relied heavily on $$ from USA Struggled with inflation and economic problems Military had weak leadership Difficulty selling his program Communists Leader: Mao Zedong Location: North China Beliefs/Philosophy: Relied heavily on $$ from USSR Propaganda campaigns centered around nationalism Promise of land reform for peasants. Used guerilla army warfare WAAY more ruthless Civil War in China Nationalists vs. Communist

  10. A Nationalist A Communist Civil War in China Nationalists vs. Communist

  11. The Larch

  12. The Larch

  13. The Korean WarBackground & Beginning After WWII Allies decide that Korea should be divided at the 38th parallel Communists in the North – Kim Il Sung “Democratic” system in the South –Syngman Rhee North Korea builds up forces at the border June 1950 – North Korean troops invade South Korea with the goal of unification of North and South

  14. The Korean WarThe US Responds • Truman believed this is where the US needs to take a stand against communism and prove containment works. • Truman orders a military response, but calls upon the UN for a response. • UN agrees and appoints General Douglas MacArthur as leader.

  15. The Korean War:The Fight is On!(Not to be confused with “The Race is On”, by George Jones)

  16. The Korean War:The Fight is On! June 1950 – N. Korean troops invade S. Korea capturing Seoul. Sept. 1950 – N. Korean forces push hard and fast moving moving UN and S. Korean forces back to the Pusan Perimeter. Sept/Oct. 1950 MacArthur lands at Inchon & launches a two pronged attack driving N. Korean forces out and advancing into N. Korea taking the city of Pyongyang

  17. The Korean War:Results • Peace Talks – Long & Drawn out because of: • Disputes over boundary lines • Issues of POWS • Unsettled Cold War disputes • The North Koreans and Chicoms were not interested in peace • Results: • Creation of a demilitarized zone • 38th parallel remains the border btw N & S • 37,000 American lives lost; 60,000 UN troops

  18. The Cold War at Home & The Second Red Scare

  19. Hotel UkrainiaОтель украинский

  20. Summit Series USSR vs. Canada 1972

  21. Me In the Kremlin- December, 1989

  22. Fighting the Spread of Communism at Home • Truman Era Loyalty Oaths • HUAC- House Un-American Activities Committee • Hollywood Ten • 10 unfriendly witnesses testified with reluctance to Congress, all of whom were CPUSA members • New movie ‘Trumbo’ is about a Stalinist writer in Hollywood who was blacklisted • Modern Hollywood lionized the Blacklistees; IMHO they were Stalinist thugs

  23. Fighting the Spread of Communism at Home:The Spy Cases Hiss Case • 1948 Whittaker Chambers accused Alger Hiss of spying for the USSR. • A microfilm was produced with government documents and was linked to Hiss’s typewriter. (the film was hidden in a hollowed-out pumpkin on Chambers’ farm) • Statute of limitations had expired on espionage, but Hiss was convicted of perjury

  24. The Rosenbergs 9/23/1949 – Soviets explode Atomic bomb - - How??? 1950 British physicist KlausFuchs admitted giving USSR info on the Atomic Bomb. Fuchs points to Ethel & Julius Rosenberg Rosenbergs pleaded the 5th. They were arrested, tried, found guilty, & executed via the electric chair in 1953 Fighting the Spread of Communism at Home:The Spy Cases

  25. Joseph McCarthy Senator from Wisconsin. Up for re-election & looking for a “hot topic” Chose communism & stated that “communist were taking over the government”. “locking the barn door after the horses had escaped” Public Senate hearings Mistake& Downfall : Accusation of Communists in the army Fighting the Spread of Communism at Home

  26. The Cold War: Part IV Living on the Edge – Cold War Tensions Increase

  27. Eisenhower & the Cold War: “New Look” • National Security Act of 1947 (created the Air Force and the CIA) • NSC-68 • America’s commitment to containment and US dominance against communism , but in a less expensive manner. • “New Look” defense policy involved efficiency and the US developing a massive nuclear arsenal as opposed to more expensive conventional methods of war. (The Triad) • Installed Strategic Air Command & Early Warning Radar. • Imposed the policy of “brinkmanship”

  28. The Eisenhower Era1952-1960 • Nikita Khrushchev • New Soviet leader – “peaceful coexistence” • Rolling the tanks into Hungary 1956 • Sputnik • 1957 – Soviets launch the first unmanned satellite • Panic strikes America

  29. The Eisenhower Era1952-1960 • Eisenhower Doctrine • In response to Soviet influence in the Middle East & expansion of communism. • US willing to go to the “brink of war” • U-2 Incident • Spy plane (U-2) flying high altitude missions over Soviet Union • Pilot Francis Gary Powers shot down 1,300 miles in; • Khrushchev calls him out

  30. U-2 Incident Not this guy:

  31. U-2 Incident This Guy:

  32. Foreign Policy: 1954-1960- Containment in the Third World • Support stable governments as long as they were not communist • SEATO – Southeast Asia Treaty Organization; created to compliment NATO • Domino Theory • Third World Locations: • France, Vietnam & Ho Chi Minh • Israel & Suez Canal Incident

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