Inferences re N of Montr Clubs

3. Inferences re N of Montr Clubs • Tremendous linear gr of sport • Of all of these, most lasted only a few years then died out • But, the more permanent ones were some 16 clubs who played major role in org of Cdn sport

5. Montreal and Power in Sport: the MAAA: • Of the 16 permanent clubs in 6 sports, MAAA rep in 4 sports • Founding sport was snowshoe club • Will use snowsh to look at transformation of sport and MAAA power

7. Song of the Montreal Snowshoe Club Pass the bottle and fill your glasses,Now that each has munched his grub,We’ll drink success to the pretty lasses,Whose lovers belong to the Snow Shoe Club.Yes tonight we’ll all unite To success to the Snow Shoe Club At racing, we challenge all creation,Let them be prepared for a very hard rub,If among the picked men of any nation,Some think they can beat the Snow Shoe ClubThen to-night, with all our might,We’ll drink success to the Snow Shoe ClubAll pretty girls take my advice,On some vain fop don’t waste your lub,But if you wish to hug something nice, Why marry a boy of the Snow Shoe ClubThen each night, with wild delight,You’ll sing success to the Snow Shoe Club.

16. Montreal: Setting the Foundation for Amateur Sport Control • Montreal Lacrosse Club • Montreal Snow Shoe Club • Montreal Bicycle Club • 1881 • The Montreal Amateur Athletic Association

18. Montreal Amateur Athl Assoc • Like any power group, MAAA grew out of an idea/system that led to an assertive group w initiative > formal organization and therefore position of power • McD’s, Bombardier, lobby groups no different [ The Tipping Point ]

20. MAAA Stated Purpose • “the promotion of physical and mental culture among, and the providing of rational amusements and recreation for, its members”

30. Earliest Ideals of Amateurism ? • Greek, “free-born” citizen • Males • Not slaves • Affluent • Romans > sport = entertainment, not an issue

31. Renaissance “Football” [Calcio, or Florentine f-bal] • “Moreover, even as every kind of man was not admitted to the Olympic Games, but only men of standing in their native cities & kingdoms, so, in the Calcio, all kinds of rapscallions are not to be tolerated, neither artificers, servants nor low-born fellows, but honorable soldiers, gentlemen, lords and princes” • What is the issue ?

32. British Henley amateur defn: • “One who is not, among other things, by trade or employment a mechanic, artisan or laborer” • Who then, IS an amateur ? • What do you suppose is happening in sport ? • Am not an issue til democratization of sport by opportunity

33. Roots of Amateurism • Sport as Sport Diversion for Profit ? Traditional Amateur concept Traditional Pro concept

34. Canada in early 19th Century • Recall values of Gr Britain important • Recall the types of sports: hunting, cricket, curling • Social first, athletic 2nd • British garrison officers ~ soldiers arrested for habit drunk • Horseracing and tent cities, gambling > cancel ( Halifax ) or move out of city

35. Early examples of EXCLUSION • 1835 Newark Turf Club “No black man shall be allowed to compete under any pretext whatsoever” • Snowshoe race categories: Open, for cups, trophies; Indian races for $$, open to whites too; Green races; Races for host members • Keraronwe and Thomas in 1873 MSSC race, T wins, thereafter “Open, (Indians barred)” – skill & inferiority

36. Early examples of EXCLUSION • 1863 Toronto Bay Rowing Regatta & William Berry • William Berry (coloured) • Black Bob Berry • Western Canadian of African descent • “coloureds are barred” til 1868

37. 1860s and sport expansion ~ • As “lower classes” got into sport, upper classes moved into exclusive sports • At issue was winning ( vs fair play ideal ) and social class preservation and equality in sporting competition

38. First ‘amateur’ defn in Canada: 1873 Montreal Pedestrian Club • “An amateur is one who has never competed in any open competition or for public money, or for admission money, or with professionals for a prize, public money or admission money, nor has ever, at any period of his life taught or assisted in the pursuit of Athletic exercises as a means of livelihood or is a labourer or an Indian”

39. Scenario was becoming… • Amateur as simon-pure, competes for love of sport, process of sport is everything, prize or winning a distant 2nd • Professional as an athletic prostitute, sells his services to highest bidder, prize is everything & means to attain prize are irrelevant

40. In Team sports, lacrosse • By 1880, tremendous popularity of lacrosse • But club managers importing good players, giving them jobs esp Indians • So, in 1880, banned Indians since everyone knew Indians only competed for $$

41. Amateurism as a concept by 1880 : • Amateur = gentleman (cl excl) • Amateur = gentleman, non-bl, non-Ind (class & ethnic excl) • Amateur = gentlem, n-bl, n-Ind, non-laborer, non profit

42. Tie of $$$ to amateur ideal ~ Case of Rowing • So many problems by early 70s with shamateurs in rowing that Tor Argo Rowing Cl suspended its regatta in 1872 because of the “dissatisfaction regarding the monopoly held by professionals” • Resumed in 1876 with categs for Ams and Pros, tho no wr distinct

43. Tie of $$$ to amateur ideal ~ Case of Rowing • Hanlan and his attitude to rowing in late 70s • To control for hanlans, CAAO penned its am defn in 1880 [ handout ] ~ very powerful org • Main points & Note last line • Virtually wiped out prof rowing

44. MAAA, Power & formation of CAAA in 1884 • Problems in lacr (MAAA losing) and in tr and field with Caledonian circuits, fixed outcomes ~ so, Am good, pro bad said strongest Cdn sport org • Note 1884 CAAA aim … not foster, not promote but POLICE or REGULATE • CAAA am defn is vintage am defn – look at its implications

45. 80s and 90s • Issues were always social, TIME, and payment of players • CAAA very successful; curbed semi-pro as a middle class value; set up track and field as premier sport w nat’l chpships & all affiliated clubs to CAAA had to host at least 1 T&F comp/yr

46. 80s and 90s • So, pro is a shit-disturber and all-encompassing term for inferior person, that is, not conforming to wh, m-class value • CAAA works to solicit member clubs in all sports from Ont to Marits • CAAA tireless in banning pros for life and if accused, you had to prove innocence

47. 1896 CAAU • Note last line of 96 defn • Change to Union in 98 to tie in w US name AAU of US • However, 1896 a pivotal year in Canada, huge prosperity and huge immigr

48. 00-20 Changes • Sifton and immigr policies > 2.5 million new Cdns • Settlement of the west w ¼ sect with immed cash sale for crops & no forests to clear • Wheat was everything > new railway lines • Soft-wood forests in N Ont • Mining of gold, silver etc in Porcupine, Kirkland Lake > hockey

49. 00-20 Changes • Telephone cut down vastness of land re communication/org • Newspapers expanded with wire services > unifying w national focus & devel of sports page • Radios after ’20, same w planes; early devel of car

50. 00-20 Changes • WW I very important for ~demonstr of Br loyalties ~Fr-Engl rivalry incr w conscr ~stimulation of economy • Labour unions formed; women’s suffrage beg in ’18; movie houses opened; alcohol prohib in ‘18 and flu epidemic of ’18 • Women’s skirts 14 cm off ground