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Chapter 22

Chapter 22. The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865–1877. I. The Problems of Peace. Jefferson Davis and fellow “conspirators” Pardoned (1868) Conditions of the South Old South collapsed economically and socially Beaten but unbent Confederates believed “lost cause” was just.

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Chapter 22

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  1. Chapter 22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865–1877

  2. I. The Problems of Peace • Jefferson Davis and fellow “conspirators” • Pardoned (1868) • Conditions of the South • Old South collapsed economically and socially • Beaten but unbent • Confederates believed “lost cause” was just

  3. II. Freedmen Define Freedom • Whites recognize emancipation realities • Blacks suspicious and uncertain • Blacks searched for family members, jobs, homes • The church became the focus of black communities

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  9. III. The Freedmen’s Bureau (1865-1872) • A part of “Reconstruction” • Provided food, clothing, medical care, education • “40 acres and a mule” • Failed attempt to redistribute land • The white South resented the bureau • Threatened to upset white racial dominance

  10. Drawing of a Freedmen’s Bureau employee between two armed groups

  11. IV. Johnson: The Tailor President • Union party Needed a ‘War Democrat’ • Champion of states’ rights and the Constitution • Johnson was a ‘misfit’ • A Southerner who didn’t understand the North • A Tennessean who was distrusted by the South • A Democratic President, not elected to the office

  12. p470

  13. V. Presidential Johnson’s Reconstruction • Majority moderate group (Lincoln) • States should be restored simply and swiftly • Minority radical group (The Wade-Davis Bill) • The South should atone more painfully for its sins • A.J.’s Reconstruction proclamation (May 1865) • Johnson supported 10% governments

  14. Table 22-1 p471

  15. VI. The Baleful Black Codes • Designed to control emancipated blacks • Had to work for the same employer for 1 year • Blacks not allowed to serve on a jury • Some barred blacks from renting or leasing land • Blacks punished for “idleness” • Nowhere were blacks allowed to vote

  16. VII. Congressional Reconstruction • Congress meets in December, 1865 • Republicans had a free hand during the war • ‘Rebel states’ high population, 12 more reps • Republicans had good reason to fear • Southern & Northern Democrats could control Congress

  17. p472

  18. VIII. Johnson Clashes with Congress • Congress ‘overrides Johnson’s veto • Freedmen’s Bureau extension vetoed (Feb 1866) • Civil Rights Bill vetoed • The Fourteenth Amendment • Contained principles of Civil Rights Bill • OK’d by Congress(1866), ratified by states(1868) • States had to approve 14th to be admitted to Union

  19. p473

  20. IX. Swinging ‘Round the Circle with Johnson • The crucial congressional elections of 1866 • Johnson lost support in the North • 1866 congressional elections results • Republicans a 2/3s majority in both houses • “Veto proof Congress”

  21. X. Republican Principles and Programs • The Radicals (led by Sumner &Stevens) • Strongly desired racial equality • Opposed rapid restoration of Southern states • The Moderate Republicans • More states’ rights and self-government oriented • Wanted to avoid federal government involvement • Both groups supported black franchise (1867)

  22. p475

  23. XI. Reconstruction by the Sword • The Reconstruction Act (March 2, 1867) • Divided the South into five military districts • Laid stringent condition for readmission • Ratify 14th Amendment, full suffrage for men • Goal of the moderates • Get Southern states back into the Union • Goals Radical Republicans • Fifteenth Amendment (1870) • Military Reconstruction of the South

  24. Table 22-2 p477

  25. XII. No Women Voters • One struggle = black freedom/women’s rights • 13th Amendment • Feminist leaders supported • 14th Amendment • Feminist leaders opposed • Used the word male while defining citizenship • 15th Amendment • Feminists wanted the word sex added to the list • Fifty years would pass before the 19th Amendment

  26. XIII. The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South • Blacks now had freedom, of a sort • Union League • Network of black political clubs for men • Recruited militias to protect black communities • Increased political power • African American women’s roles • Community & church leaders • Scalawags and carpetbaggers • Scalawags, Southerners, former Unionists & Whigs • Carpetbaggers, Northerners seeking power & profit • Radical regimes rule (State Legislatures) • Passes many desirable reforms • Despite achievements corruption ran rampant

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  29. XIV. The Ku Klux Klan • Embittered whites raged against “radical” rule • Most notorious—“Invisible Empire of the South” • Ku Klux Klan, used terror against “upstart” Blacks • The goals of white resistance • Undermined attempts to empower blacks politically • Wholesale disfranchisement of blacks in 1890

  30. p479

  31. XV. Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank • Radicals attempt to remove President Johnson • Tenure of Office Act (1867) • Impeachment • Johnson dismissed (Sec of War) Stanton in 1868 • House voted 126 to 47 to impeach Johnson

  32. p481

  33. XVI. A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson • Andrew Johnson impeached by House • Found innocent • Radicals one vote short of 2/3s majority • Seven Republicans senators voted “not guilty”

  34. XVII. The Purchase of Alaska (1867) • Russian wanted to sell Alaskan Territory • U.S. wanted to buy Alaska • Russia supported the North during the Civil War • The territory had many resources • $7.2 million was a bargain

  35. Map 22-2 p482

  36. XVIII. The Heritage of Reconstruction • Southern Whites saw “Reconstruction” as bad • Upended their social, economic, & racial system • Resented federal intervention in their affairs • The Old South - resurrected not reconstructed • Continued woe for generations of southern blacks

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