1. Introduction

1. Introduction 2. Fact or Fiction? 3. Emotional Development 4. Theories about Infant Socioemotional Development 5. The Development of Social Bonds 6. Closing Thoughts

Introduction [Video: Infancy – Socioemotional Development Introduction]

Socioemotional Development Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact 1. Infant fear, as expressed in stranger wariness, signals abnormal behavior. 2. In part because of inborn temperamental characteristics, some children are more difficult to raise and harder to live with. 3. Attachment patterns established in infancy almost never change. 4. High-quality day care, even during the infant’s first year, does not lead to negative developmental outcomes.

Specific Emotions How do infants express emotions? Happy or Content Angry or Sad 6 weeks - social smile 3 months- laughter; curiosity 4 months - full, responsive smiles 4-8 months - anger Angry - healthy response to frustration Sadness - indicates withdrawal Fearful Pride or Shame 9-14 months - with strangers (stranger wariness; separation anxiety) 12 months - fear of unexpected sights and sounds 18 months—self-awareness; pride; shame; embarrassment Infant Emotions Click to play video: Stranger Fear Click to play video: Separation Anxiety Click to play video: The Emergence of Empathy

Self-Awareness How do younger and older infants react to the “rouge test”? self-awareness: Realization that one is a distinct individual. 9 months baby 20 months baby

Self-Awareness [Video: Developing Self-Awareness]

Temperament temperament: Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. Do Babies’ Temperaments Change? Inhibited (fearful) at 4 months and... Positive (exuberant) at 4 months and... Fearful at 9,14,24 and 48 months Fearful (every later time) 42% 80% 5% Positive (every later time) Positive at 9,14,24 and 48 months 12% 15% 44% Variable (sometimes fearful, sometimes not) Variable (sometimes fearful, sometimes not)

Temperament [Video: Stability of Behavior]

Psychoanalytical Theory What are the two main psychoanalytical views of stages in infancy? Sexual interest and pleasure expressed first in the oral stage, then the anal stage! Sigmund Freud Developmental crises involve trust versus mistrust, followed by autonomy versus shame and doubt! Erik Erikson

Behaviorism social learning: Learning by observing others—both what they do and how other people react to their behavior. How do children learn aggression? Watched model act aggressively toward doll Was placed in room with doll Displayed highly aggressive behavior imitating model’s actions Experimental Group Experienced frustration Did not watch the model Was placed in room with doll Displayed less aggression, mainly limited to punching doll with fists Control Group Experienced frustration

Behaviorism [Video: Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study ]

Cognitive Theory working model: In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. How do early relationships help form a person’s later assumptions?

Sociocultural Theory proximal parenting: Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching. distal parenting: Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching. How does infant behavior in rural Cameroon and urban Greece compare?

Synchrony synchrony: A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant. How do infants learn of others’ emotions?

Attachment attachment: According to Ainsworth, an affectional tie that an infant forms with a caregiver. What are patterns of infant attachment?

Attachment [Video: Interview with Gilda Morelli]

Social Referencing social referencing: Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions.

Social Referencing [Video: Social Referencing]

Infant Day Care center day care: Child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children. How much do different countries use center-based care for infants? Most use of center-based infant care In-between use of center-based infant care Less use of center-based infant care Central America France North America China Latin America Israel India Sweden Ethiopia

Infant Day Care [Video: Best Practices in Child Care: Continuity of Care]

Closing Thoughts If you were to give advice to a friend with a newborn, what would you tell him about the keys to creating a strong social bond with his infant?

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