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Politics of India

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s Maharaja Jivajirao Shinde Mahavidyalaya , Shrigonda , Dist- Ahmednagar. Politics of India. By Prof. Nidre D. J. Dept. of Politics. Politics of India. Political Institutions & Parties. Republic of India.

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Politics of India

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  1. RayatShikshanSanstha’s Maharaja JivajiraoShindeMahavidyalaya, Shrigonda, Dist-Ahmednagar Politics of India By Prof. Nidre D. J. Dept. of Politics

  2. Politics of India Political Institutions & Parties

  3. Republic of India • A federal republic with a parliamentary system of government • capital: New Delhi

  4. A federal system • 29 states and 7 centrally administered Union Territories • 2 states are partially claimed by Pakistan and China

  5. Federal system • Relatively centralized • federal government controls the most essential government functions • Defense lqj{kkO;oLFkk • foreign policy ijjk“Vª /kksj.k • Taxation djiz.kkyh • public expenditures lkoZtfud [kpZ • economic (industrial) planning vFkZvkS?kksfxdfu;kstu

  6. Federal systemla?kjkT; O;oLFkk • state governments formally control • Agriculture d`“kh • Education f’k{k.k • law and order within states dk;nk o lqO;oLFkk • dependent on central government for funds

  7. Federal system • Balance of power between central and state governments lRrklarqyudsanz o jkT; ljdkj • varies by time and place • state power was constrained • during the rule of Nehru and Indira Gandhi • state governments have more room to maneuver • when central government is weak • since 1998

  8. Federal system • considerable center-state conflict when ruling political party in a state is different from national ruling party dsanz jkT;okn

  9. Parallel state structurelekarj iz’kkldh; jpuk • Formal political structure of the states parallels that of the national government • national state • President Governor • Prime Minister Chief Minister • Parliament Assembly • Supreme Court High Court

  10. The legislature • Parliamentary system of government • the executive authority is responsible to the Parliament

  11. The legislature • bicameral Parliament f}xzgh laln • Rajya Sabha (Council of States) jkT;lHkk • Lok Sabha (House of the People) yksdlHkk

  12. Rajya Sabha (Council of States) • The Upper House

  13. Upper House • Rajya Sabha (Council of States) • not more than 250 members • 12 are nominated by the President of India • the rest are indirectly elected • by state Legislative Assemblies • The Council of States can not be dissolved • members have terms of 6 years • 1/3 members retire at end of every 2nd year

  14. Lok Sabha • House of the People

  15. Lower Housedfu“B x`g • Lok Sabha (House of the People) • 545 members • 2 are appointed by the President of India • the rest are directly elected from single-member districts • 5-year terms unless dissolved • Lok Sabha elects its presiding officer • the Speaker

  16. Lok SabhayksdlHkk • Elections held at least every 5 years • Prime Minister may call elections earlier • 543 single-member districts of roughly equal population • party nomination • 1st-past-the-post • winner-take-all • women’s share

  17. Elections to Lok Sabha • Vote share of 3 major political parties

  18. Current composition • 43 parties in the 13th Lok Sabha (1999) • 39 parties in the 14th Lok Sabha (2004) • Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 184 138 • Indian National Congress (INC) 109 145 • Communist Party of India (M) 34 43 • other political parties 218 217 • total 545 543

  19. Indian National Congress • India’s oldest political party • since 1885 • India’s premier political party • until 1990s • in 1960s many regional parties started challenging INC’s monopoly on power

  20. Indian National Congress • Indira Gandhi • created a top-down structure • party leaders appoint party officials • some limited party elections • left-of-center, pro-poor political platform

  21. Indian National Congress • INC moved toward the ideological center • Beginning in 1984 • INC today tilts right-of-center • economic efficiency • business interests • limited government spending

  22. Indian National Congress • INC has always attracted support from diverse social groups • in the 1990s INC has lost some of its traditional constituencies among the poor and Muslims

  23. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) • The major political party in India today • right-leaning, Hindu-nationalist party • first major party to mobilize explicitly on the basis of religious identity

  24. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) • better organized than INC • disciplined party members • carefully selected party cadres • clear and respected authority line within the party

  25. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) • Traditional supporters • urban, lower-middle-class groups • base of support widened since mid-1980s • Hindu nationalism • north-central India • decline of Indian National Congress • Muslims as convenient scapegoat for frustration

  26. BJP’s rapid rise to power • electoral success from 1989 to 1999 • difficulty in forming alliance with other parties • break with past traditions • relatively moderate, centrist position • BJP formed governing coalition in 1998 • collapsed in 1999 • BJP formed a new coalition in 1999 • more broadly based than previous coalition

  27. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) • economic liberalization and stability • privilege the interests of the Hindu majority

  28. Prime Minister • Leader of the majority party leader in Lok Sabha becomes the prime minister • prime minister nominates a cabinet • members of Parliament in the ruling coalition • Council of Ministers • effective power is concentrated in the office of the prime minister • where most of the important policies originate

  29. Prime Ministers of India • 38 years in the Nehru-Gandhi family • more and more rapid turnover

  30. The President of India • Head of the State • Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces • elected by an electoral college • national Parliament • state legislature • 5-year terms • can be reelected

  31. The President of India • Ceremonial office • symbolize national unity • supposedly above partisan politics • mostly acts on the advice of the prime minister • President plays a significant role when the selection of a prime minister is complex • in 1998 President requested BJP to form govt.

  32. The Judiciary • Fundamental contradiction in constitution • principle of parliamentary sovereignty • principle of judicial review

  33. The JudiciaryU;k;O;oLFkk • judiciary tries to preserve the constitution’s basic structure • to ensure that legislation conforms with the intent of the constitution • parliament tries to assert its right to amend the constitution

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