European Colonization in Southeast Asia and Africa: Resources and Moral Duty

1. Bell Ringer • What country had the most amount of colonies in other countries and who? • Where did most of these countries decide to colonize?

2. Chapter 14 The Height of Imperialism: 1800-1914

3. Section 1 Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia • In the 1800s European nations began a new push of imperialism. • Asia and Africa were seen as a source of raw materials for industrial production and as a market for Europe’s manufactured goods. • This new imperialism wanted direct control of the raw materials and markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

4. European nations also acquired colonies to gain an advantage over other nations. • Having colonies was also a source of national prestige. • Imperialism was now tied to racism and social Darwinism. • Social Darwinist believed the imperialist European nations were simply exerting themselves in the struggle for the fittest to survive. • Losing nations were therefore racially inferior.

5. Others, however, believed that Western nations had a moral or religious duty to “civilize” Asian, African, and Latin American nations. • By 1900 almost all of Southeast Asia was under Western rule. • Great Britain led the way by founding a colony on the small island of Singapore. • GB also moved inland and took control of Burma to have land route between China and British controlled India.

6. France, alarmed by British expansion, made Vietnam a protectorate. • Protectorate: a political unit that depends on another government for its protection. • The United States also became involved in expansion. • U.S. naval forces under Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish at Manila Bay in the Philippines. • President William McKinley believed it was his moral duty to civilize other parts of the world. Plus, it would keep the Philippines from coming under Japanese rule and would serve as a base for trade with China.

7. Filipinos objected to the colonization. Emilio Aguinaldo became the leader of an independence movement and fought against both the Spanish and U.S. • The chief goal of the Western powers in their colonies was to exploit the natural resources and open markets for manufactured goods. • The colonial powers ruled either indirectly or directly.

8. One Pager Worksheet

9. Bell Ringer

10. Indirect rule was used when allowing local rulers to use their authority when it best achieved the goals of the parent country. • In the cases where new officials from the mother country were put in charge of taxes, law and order, and other governmental matters, this was known as direct rule. • Colonial rule did bring benefits to Southeast Asia. It improved infrastructure, expanded exports, and developed an entrepreneurial class.

11. Initial resistance to colonial rule came from the ruling classes among the subject peoples. • There were peasant revolts, but were usually overcome by the Western powers. • As a result of becoming westernized, a new kind of resistance emerged known as nationalism. • Eventually the resistance movements began to demand national independence.

12. Short Essay • Write two paragraphs on why European countries decided to form colonies in southeast Asia and eventually Africa. One paragraph on resources and the second on moral duty. 4-5 sentences each.

13. Bell Work

14. Section 2 • By 1890, Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Portugal had placed almost all of Africa under European rule. • Even after the slave trade was abolished, Europeans looked to Africa to trade manufactured goods for peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil. • GB established colonies along the Gold Coast and in Sierra Leone. This caused tension with African governments.

15. In 1874 GB annexed the west coastal states as the first British colony of Gold Coast. It also established itself as a protectorate over Nigerian groups. • France controlled the largest part of West Africa, and Germany controlled Togo, Cameroon, and Namibia. • Egypt had been part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1805, an officer of the Ottoman army named Muhammad Ali seized power and established a separate Egyptian state.

16. The economic importance of the Nile Valley gave Europeans a desire to build a canal linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas. • In 1854 Ferdinand de Lesseps signed on to build the Suez Canal. The canal was completed in 1869. • GB bought Egypt’s share in the Suez Canal. GB suppressed an 1881 revolt against foreign influence and Egypt became a British protectorate in 1915.

17. The French had colonies in North Africa as well. As many as 150k French had settled in the region of Algeria by 1879. • France was also the protectorate of Tunisia and Morocco. • European explorers had generated interest in the dense tropical jungles of Central Africa. • David Livingstone was one such explorer. He arrived in Africa in 1841 and spent 30 years trekking through the interior of Africa.

18. When Livingstone disappeared for a while, the New York Herald sent the young journalist Henry Stanley to find him. • When Stanley found him, he said the now famous words, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.” • Belgium and France claimed vast territories of the Congo. • By 1875 Britain and Germany were struggling for colonies in East Africa.

19. Bismarck had downplayed the importance of colonies, however he converted to colonialism after more and more Germans called for a German Empire. • At the 1884 Berlin Conference, the major European powers divided up East Africa. No African delegates were present at the conference. • The Boers were the descendants of the original Dutch settlers who occupied Cape Town in the 17th century. They believed in white supremacy.

20. In the 1830s the Boers fled British rule in South Africa. They frequently battled the Zulu. • The Zulu were led by a great ruler known as Shaka. • In 1880, Cecil Rhodes set up diamond and gold companies and named the territory Rhodesia after himself. • He planned on overthrowing the Boer government and this led to war. • The war lasted from 1899-1902 and eventually led to the Union of South Africa. The British and Boers coexisted only because the British agreed to a policy that only whites could vote.

21. Bell Work Read Special Report on pages 444-447 and answer the three questions at the end. You have 20 min. from the tardy bell to complete!!

22. Section 3 Sepoy Mutiny • Sepoys: Indian soldiers hired by the British to protect the British East India Company. • 1857: Sepoys revolted against the British • Revolt was crushed within a year. Colonial Rule • British ruled India directly through an official known as a viceroy. • Viceroy: a governor who rules as a representative of a monarch. • Had a staff of about 3,500 people. They ruled about 300 million.

23. Positive Order to society Honest government School system Infrastructure Negative 1. Destroyed local industry 2. Increased taxes 3. Persuaded Indians to grow cotton 4. Top jobs reserved for British 5. British disrespected Indian culture 6. Racism Colonial RulePositive and Negative effects

24. An Indian Nationalist Movement • The first Indian nationalist were upper-class, English-educated people who preferred reform over revolution. • In 1915 Mohandas Gandhi, a young lawyer, returned to India from South Africa. • He used his experience from South Africa to turn the Indian independence movement into one of nonviolent resistance. It led to independence.

25. Class Work Complete the Reading Strategy cause and effect chart on page 448. Complete Section 3 Review questions 4,&5 Homework: Study for Chapter 14 Test.