Aim: Why did the Byzantine Empire succeed during the Middle Ages?

1. Aim: Why did the Byzantine Empire succeed during the Middle Ages? Do Now: What do you think of when you hear the term “Middle Ages?”

2. I. Introduction • Middle Ages: Period in European history after the fall of the Roman Empire, from 500-1500. It’s the “in between” period between the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome and the rise of modern nations in Europe. Sometimes, the Middle Ages are referred to as the Dark Ages. Why do you think this is?

3. B. In the 330’s A.D., Roman Emperor Constantine divided the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western parts. The West fell in 476 A.D. But the East continued on for 1,000 years as The Byzantine Empire.

4. II. Geography • Byzantine Empire controlled territory in Eastern Europe, North Africa and parts of the Middle East (present day Greece, the Balkans, Turkey, Egypt and Syria). • Had made of the same geographical advantages as the Roman Empire. What were some of them?

5. III. Constantinople → Capital of the Byzantine Empire A. Built by Constantine in 330. Named “New Rome” after the fall of Western Rome in 476. B. Good harbors → connected the Black Sea and the Med Sea. As a result, all trade between Europe and Asia goes through this city. C. Very advanced buildings and technology. Heavily fortressed.

6. IV. Height of the Byzantine Empire → Reign of Justinian (527-565) • Head of both the government and the Christian church (called the Eastern Orthodox Church). B. Wanted to restore the glory of the Roman Empire • Reconquered parts of North Africa, Italy and Spain • The Body of Civil Law (Justinian’s Code) – All the old Roman laws about every aspect of life (marriage, divorce, property, trials) were brought together in one set of laws.

7. C. Undertook massive building projects in Constantinople Hagia Sophia Church Hippodrome – Chariot Races

8. V. Reasons for the Fall • Weak, corrupt rulers • Outside invasions → Persians, Russians, Muslim Empire, Ottoman Turks. • Ottoman Turks conquer the Byzantines in 1453. Constantinople becomes the present-day city of Istanbul.

9. Aim: How did Christianity bring stability to Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire?

10. I. Christians in Western Europe are part of the Roman Catholic Church • Lowest Level - Priests: Connect people to the church on a local level - Preach gospels and teachings of the Church, provide the seven sacraments (signs of grace that help Christians get into heaven: baptism, confirmation ceremony, confession, marriage ceremonies, last rites).

11. B.Middle Level - Bishop: Supervises all priests and Christians in his diocese (city or community over which he has authority). • The most powerful Bishops are in: Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria and Antioch. Eventually, the Bishop of Rome becomes the most powerful.

12. C.Highest Level - Bishop of Rome becomes the Pope, head of the Catholic Church. Pope Gregory I (590-604) helps expand the power of the Pope

13. II. Monasticism • Monks and Nuns were men and women who wanted to live a life cut off from human society so they could dedicate all of their time to God. Monks = Live in Monasteries Nuns = Live in Convents B. The abbot is the head of a monastery. The abbess is the head of the convent.

14. C.Achievements of the Monasteries and Convents • Centers of learning: Provided schools and copied hundreds of books from Greece and Rome. 90 percent of the works we still have from Rome were saved by monks and nuns. • Hospitals • Lodging for travelers • Missionaries

15. Aim: What were the accomplishments of Charlemagne during the Middle Ages? May 19, 2014

16. I. The Franks • The Franks: Conquer former Roman province of Gaul (current day France, western Germany) • Clovis (481-511): King of the Franks (first king of France) 1. Conquers remaining Romans and Germans in his region 2. Converts to Christianity. Why?

17. II. Age of Charlemagne • Charlemagne (768-814): Takes control of the Frankish Kingdom when his father Pepin dies, starts the Carolingian Empire.

18. B. Charlemagne’s accomplishments • Conquers northeastern Spain, Germany, Northern Italy • Reunites Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire • Appoints MissiDominici: Officials who were sent all over Charlemagne’s Empire to make sure nobles / local leaders were obedient. • Spreads Christianity

19. Charlemagne promotes learning in his empire. • Monks and nuns who were part of the Christian church copied hundreds of Greek and Roman books by hand.

20. C. Charlemagne as Emperor - 800 A.D.: Charlemagne crowned Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III (leader of the Roman Catholic Church). What’s in it for Charlemagne / The Pope?

21. Char gets more respect, Pope gets protection • Revives the idea of Empire and a united Europe • Shows strength towards the Byzantine Empire • Roman, Germanic and Christian culture is joining together to create a new civilization!

22. Aim: How did Feudalism begin in Western Europe during the Middle Ages? Do Now: Based on our discussion from yesterday, do you think Charlemagne deserved to be called Charles the Great? Why or why not?

23. I. Decline of Charlemagne’s Empire • After Charlemagne dies, his empire is divided into three sections, each one ruled by one of his grandsons. They compete for power while the empire crumbles. • During 800s / 900s, Western Europe is invaded by Muslims, the Magyars and Vikings

24. II. Rise of Feudalism • The invasions made life in Western Europe very difficult. Invaders destroyed crops and robbed houses and farms, and trade became almost impossible. Eventually, Feudalism is created to bring order to Western Europe.

25. B. Feudalism: A political system where powerful people agreed to protect those who were less powerful. • The king would give a piece of land (fief) to the lords under him. • In return for the land, the lords promised to serve in the king’s army and fight his enemies. The lords were called vassals of the king. • Sometimes a higher lord gave some of his land to a lower lord, who then became his vassal.

26. At the bottom of the feudal system were the common people. Many of them were serfs. A serf was someone who farmed the land of a lord. Serfs had to pay rent and taxes to the lords, and they were not allowed to leave the lord’s land without permission. In return, the lords protected the serfs from attack.

27. Aim: What was daily life like under feudalism? • Do Now: If you had lived during the Middle Ages, would you have willingly chosen to be a serf, or would you have taken your chances in the dangerous world of Western Europe without a lord to protect you?

28. I. Life on the Manor • In the feudal system, most people lived on the manor. A manor included the lord’s house, a small village, a church, a mill and fields and woods. • Since there was almost no trade, a manor had to grow or make many things people needed to live (crops, clothing, tools, etc.)

29. A Typical Manor

30. II. Castles • The noble’s house was often a castle with thick stone walls. The noble, his wife, their children, and all servants and skilled workers of the manor lived in the castle. • Serfs lived in the village outside the castle, usually in huts made of sticks and mud. In case of attack, the serfs could run to the castle for protection.

31. Aim: What was the role of the knights during the Middle Ages? May 27, 2014

32. I. The World of Knights • Knights: Lower nobles who served as warriors for lords during the Middle Ages. B. At age 7, a boy who was to become a knight was sent to the castle of his father’s lord. There he learned how to ride, fight, hunt and keep weapons in good condition.

33. C. With his training finished at the age of 21, the young man became a knight. He would kneel before an older knight and receive a dubbing. “In the name of God, Saint Michael and Saint George, I dub thee knight. Be valiant.”

34. D. Feudal wars occupied most of the time of knights. As these wars started to decrease by the 1100s, knights began to compete against each other in tournaments (special contests on strength and skill). The joust (contest on horseback between two knights) was very popular.

35. II. The Values of Knights A. Chivalry: Code of conduct that knights had to follow.

36. Knights must be brave, loyal to their lords, honest • They must fight for the church and to protect the defenseless • They must fight fairly • They must treat captured knights well • They should protect and respect women.

37. Aim: How did the Crusades change Europe? • The Crusades: • A series of holy wars that European Christians fought to try to regain control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims.

38. I. Pope Urban II calls the First Crusade in 1095. Many Christians in Europe wanted this Crusade: • For knights, they saw a chance to benefit themselves in the Middle East. • For kings, it was the chance to send lords and knights off to fight. • The Pope promised ordinary people that if they fought, they would be forgiven for their sins. • Regular Europeans:

39. II. The Crusades • First Crusade (1099): Christians retake Jerusalem, kill most of the people in the city who were Muslim or Jewish. Establish four kingdoms (Crusader states) in the Middle East. • Second Crusade (1149): Muslims retake the Crusader state of Edessa. Christians try to fight back but are defeated.

40. Third Crusade (1192) • Muslim leader Saladin re-conquers Jerusalem from the Christians. • Three great European kings lead a Crusade to get Jerusalem back: Frederick Barbarossa (Germany), Richard I (England) and Philip Augustus (France) • The kings are defeated by Saladin. Muslims stay in control of Jerusalem.

41. Fourth Crusade (1204): Christians set out to retake the Holy Land, but end up in Constantinople instead. Decide to loot and destroy the city. Byzantine Empire never recovers. • End result: Christians win the first Crusade, Muslims win the next three.The Holy Land (Jerusalem) stays under the control of the Muslims

42. III. Effects of the Crusades • Byzantine Empire is weakened and soon collapses. • Feudalism is weakened because while feudal lords and their knights are fighting in the Holy Land, kings back in Europe increase their power

43. European Christians interact with Muslims and Byzantines, who were much more educated than they were. Makes Europeans more interested in learning again.

44. After the Crusades, many European merchants stay behind in the Middle East and trade with the Muslims (Muslims had goods like spices, rugs and richly woven cloth). This leads to a revival of trade and the rebirth of towns.

45. Aim: Why did a Commercial Revolution occur in Europe during the Middle Ages? • Do Now: • Why did Stephen of Croyes want to lead a Children’s Crusade? Why didn’t the Church put a stop to this? What does the Children’s Crusade show us about Europe during the Middle Ages?

46. I. Why is there a Commercial Revolution during the Middle Ages? • Between the 1000s-1200s, serfs and farmers were able to use new technology (iron plows, iron tools, windmills, watermills) to grow more food. As a result, they have a surplus of food. • The Crusades led to a revival of trade

47. II. Characteristics of the Commercial Revolution (1000s- 1300s) • With a surplus of food and an increase in trade, we see the rise of towns and cities in Europe. Leads to the rise of a new middle class (merchants, traders, artisans, bankers  also known as the burghers) • Switch from a barter economy to a money economy. 

48. C. Guilds: A group of people in a town who worked in the same occupation (ex: weavers, bakers, shoemakers) • Controlled all the wages and prices in their occupation • No one except guild members could work in that occupation. • Oversaw the training of craftsmen in the occupation. You went from an apprentice (unpaid trainee) to a journeymen (salaried worker) to master (store owner). • Took care of their members and organized celebrations in the towns.

49. D. Merchants who set up a new town would ask the king for protection and for a charter (a document that guaranteed the rights of all the citizens in the town). In return, the merchants paid the king taxes.

50. Aim: How did the monarchy in England gain power during the late Middle Ages? Making Connections: How do you think the growth of towns and the creation of charters might have helped to make the monarchy stronger?