Industrial Working Conditions: From Craftsmen to Assembly Line

1. Date: 12/2/13 Activity: Industrial Working Conditions Warm Up: Skim through Chapter 14 and give a 1-2 sentence summary of what it will be about. Homework: Chapter 14 Notes due Wednesday 12/4

2. Read Intro • Was the Rise of Industry good for American Workers? • Read and take notes on 14.2 (on page 44 in your notebook)

3. Date: 12/3/13 Activity: Industrial Revolution Warm Up: Describe some of the worst working conditions you remember reading/learning about yesterday. Homework: Chapter 14 Notes due tomorrow

4. INDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONS

5. PLEASE DO NOW!!!! In at least five lines, describe how you would feel if you had to work twelve to sixteen hour days, six days a week, in a dirty, noisy and dangerous factory for very little pay? *Think About: Of the above conditions which would you consider to be the most unbearable? Why?Would you rather be at school?Would you protest?Would it make a difference if you made more money?

6. CRAFTSMEN GIVE WAY TO THE ASSEMBLY LINE • HOW WOULD THESE TWO WORK STYLES DIFFER? • HOW WOULD THESE CHANGES EFFECT THE WORKER?

7. RESULTS OF CHANGE FROM CRAFTSMAN TO ASSEMBLY-LINE FOR THE WORKER • LOSS OF JOB SATISFACTION: • WORKER NO LONGER MAKES THE ENTIRE PRODUCT • LOSS OF JOB SECURITY: • NO SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED • WORKERS EASILY REPLACED • LOSS OF COMRADERY & PERSONAL FREEDOM: • WORKDAY CONTROLLED BY MANAGEMENT • TOO NOISY FOR TALKING • LOSS OF IDENTITY: • GROWING GAP BETWEEN WORKERS & EMPLOYERS • VIEWED AS NUMBERS RATHER THAN INDIVIDUALS

8. WORKING CONDITIONS • LONG HOURS: • WORKDAY = ? • 12 HOURS • WORK WEEK = ? • 6 DAYS • VACATION = ? • NONE • SICK DAYS = ? • NONE • LOW PAY: • OFTEN LESS THAN THE COST OF LIVING • DANGEROUS CONDITIONS: • HAZARDOUS MACHINERY • NO COMPENSATION IF INJURED • NO PROTECTION FROM DUST AND FUMES • DANGER OF FIRE

9. CHILD LABOR

10. WHAT ADVANTAGES DID CHILD WORKERS PROVIDE FOR EMPLOYERS? • COULD BE PAID LESS $ • EASIER TO CONTROL • FIT INTO SMALL SPACES

11. CHILD LABOR INFO • MANY BELIEVED LABOR WAS GOOD FOR CHILDREN: • KEPT THEM OUT OF TROUBLE • ECONOMIC NECESSITY FOR MANY FAMILIES • MANY CHILD WORKERS WERE AS YOUNG AS 5 YEARS OLD • LIMITED EDUCATION: • LITTLE CHANCE FOR IMPROVEMENT • MANY CHILDREN MAIMED OR KILLED

14. A young boy, aged 10, working in a glass factory in Alexandria, Va.

15. Fish cutters at a Canning Co. in Maine; Ages 7-12; Work from 7a.m. – Midnight.Made 75cents/day; youngest boy in front & boy in back missing fingers.

16. Young workers at a hosiery factory in Tennessee.

17. Girl, age 10, working at Whitnel Cotton Mill in North Carolina. She makes just 48 cents/day.

18. CHILD LABOR WAS ONE OF THE KEY TARGETS OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM

19. Sweatshops • NOT ALL PRODUCTS WERE MADE IN FACTORIES: • PEOPLE’S HOMES WERE OFTEN USED • ESPECIALLY IN CLOTHING INDUSTRY • AS MANY AS 20 PEOPLE WORKING, EATING, SLEEPING IN A ROOM • PAID ON A PIECEWORK BASIS

20. COMPANY TOWNS • COMPANY OWNED EVERYTHING: • RENTED HOUSES TO WORKERS • OWNED STORES WORKERS SHOPPED AT • COMPANY APPOINTED TOWN GOVERNMENT • COMPANY HIRED POLICE & TEACHERS • SPIES REPORTED ON COMPLAINERS

21. Men’s Lodgings

22. Women’s Lodgings

25. MONOPOLIES & TRUSTS (1) • BY 1900 TRUSTS CONTROLLED 80% OF U.S. INDUSTRIES • 2% OF THE COMPANIES MADE 50% OF THE PRODUCTS • POSITIVES: • MORE EFFICIENT • LESS EXPENSIVE PRODUCTS (THEORETICALLY) • CAPITAL TO EXPAND AND DEVELOP NEW GOODS

26. MONOPOLIES & TRUSTS (2) • NEGATIVES: • LESS COMPETITION (HIGHER PRICES) • LOST JOBS • TOO BIG AND UNWIELDY • INEXPERIENCE WITH NEW LINES OF BUSINESS • TOO MUCH POLITICAL INFLUENCE • ABUSE OF POWER BY TRUSTS LED TO: • HIGH PRICES • RUTHLESS BUSINESS PRACTICES • CALL FOR ANTI-TRUST LAWS • 1890 – SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT: • INTENDED TO COMBAT ‘RESTRAINT OF TRADE’ • LARGELY A FAILURE – BUSINESSES GOT LARGER AND LARGER

27. Chapter 14 Notes 14.2 Conditions of the Working Class • Exhausting schedule - 90 hour weeks/$1 per day • Division of Labor • (monotonous) • Hazardous environments • Sweatshops

28. 14.3 Labor Movements Strategies unions used to attempt to improve the lives of their workers Ways in which employers attempted to undermine labor unions Used competition for jobs “yellow-dog contracts” Pledge NOT to join a union Shared list of union members and blacklisted those on it. Attempted to get • 8 hour workday • Higher wages • Collective bargaining • Strikes (last resort)

29. 14.4 Strikes Erupt Nationwide • RR Strike of 1877 • Largest labor uprising in US history • Boosted union membership • Haymarket Affair 1886 (Chicago) • Strikers fought “scabs” and it led to meeting at Haymarket Sq where a riot broke out

30. 14.4 Strikes Erupt Nationwide 3. Homestead Strike 1892 • Steel plant manager hired Pinkerton Agency to stop strike • Strikers wound up taking over town and then eventually strikers were banned for next 40 years. 4. Pullman Strike 1894 • Lived in “pullman town” ; Cut wages but didn’t cut costs. • Government got involved in strike because it was stopping the US Mail • Troops sent in and it got violent

31. 14.5 Mixed Sucesses Setbacks Gains Hours lessened Wages went up Made gains in working conditions Recognition of workers’ rights • Government supported employers • Federal judges could and did shut down strikes