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TREATMENT APPROACHES AND MODES

TREATMENT APPROACHES AND MODES. PSYCHOTHERAPY. Treatment of mental health problems through interaction with a trained psychologist Many pros use an Eclectic approach : using a variety of approaches to best suit the patient Generally come from either psychological or biomedical.

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TREATMENT APPROACHES AND MODES

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  1. TREATMENT APPROACHES AND MODES

  2. PSYCHOTHERAPY • Treatment of mental health problems through interaction with a trained psychologist • Many pros use an Eclectic approach: using a variety of approaches to best suit the patient • Generally come from either psychological or biomedical

  3. PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES Divided into 4 categories: psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, and cognitive

  4. PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH • Aim is to help the patient gain insight into the underlying causes of mental distress by tapping into the unconscious

  5. PSYCHOANALYSIS • Developed by Freud • Neurosis stems from long-repressed childhood memories, trauma, feelings, or sexual urges involving the id

  6. TECHNIQUES OF PSYCHOANALYSIS • Free association: patient encouraged to say whatever comes to mind • Dream analysis: what is consciously remembered in a dream (manifest content) are the symbolic representations of unconscious forces, urges, or conflicts (latent content)

  7. TECHNIQUES CONTINUED • Therapeutic rapport needed to overcome resistance • Transference: patient transfers their emotional issues onto the therapist • Countertransference: therapist exp’s emotional response to patient • Catharsis: intense emotional release

  8. PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES Evolved from psychoanalysis. Still focuses on unconscious, but not so much on id or superego and less reliance on the idea of animalistic urges being at the center of unconscious impulse

  9. INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY (IPT) • Focus on helping the client improve existing relationships • Mostly addresses depression

  10. OBJECT RELATIONS THERAPY • Object refers to the significant person in a client’s life and the emotional problems stemming from that relationship

  11. HUMANISTIC THERAPIES

  12. PERSON-CENTERED OR ROGERIAN THERAPY • Developed by Carl Rogers • Therapist honors the inherent human potential of the client by acting as a nonjudgmental facilitator of the process

  13. 4 CENTRAL PRINCIPLES TO PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY • 1. Unconditional positive regard • 2. Empathy • 3. Congruence: therapist should be open and honest • 4. Active listening

  14. GESTALT THERAPY • Focuses on a person’s perceptions of their feelings and own sense of reality in the present moment

  15. BEHAVIOR THERAPIES Using classical and operant conditioning to help clients unlearn maladaptive behaviors and replace them with more adaptive or healthy behaviors

  16. EXPOSURE THERAPIES • Developed by Mary Cover Jones (counterconditioning) • Evolved into systematic desensitization (JospehWolpe) • Virtual reality graded exposure: using virtual reality goggles for phobias • Flooding: being fully exposed to a phobia in a harmless, controlled situation

  17. AVERSION THERAPY • An unwanted behavior is associated with a stimulus to which the client has a great aversion

  18. BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION • Based on operant conditioning • Using positive and negative reinforcement to change behavior

  19. TOKEN ECONOMY SYSTEMS • Tokens are earned for desired behaviors and exchanged for rewards

  20. MODELING • Therapist demonstrates the desired behavior to help clients learn the behavior themselves

  21. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY Assumes that cognition leads to emotional responses

  22. RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY • Therapist challenges client’s irrational thoughts in an impersonal way

  23. AARON BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY • Help the client recognized dysfunctional cognitive distortions (errors in logic) • Cognitive triad: 1) negative thoughts about self; 2) negative thoughts about the world; 3) negative thoughts about the future

  24. MODES OF THERAPY Differing ways to deliver therapeutic approaches

  25. GROUP THERAPY • Usually around 6-12 people • Offers realization that you are not alone • Counselor can encourage healthy interpersonal behaviors • Allows treatment of many clients at once

  26. SELF-HELP GROUPS • Have a facilitator but no trained psychotherapist • Examples: Alcoholic’s Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, etc…

  27. FAMILY THERAPY • Family systems theory: each family member affects every other member • Helps each member understand that the family has interrelated systems of relationships • Helps to identify dysfunctional aspects and replace them with healthier ones

  28. COUPLES/MARRIAGE COUNSELING • Focuses on improving communication btwn couples

  29. WHAT MAKES PSYCHOTHERAPY WORK • Therapeutic alliance: genuine, caring relationship btwn client and therapist • Positive expectations • Specific action plan

  30. BIOMEDICAL APPROACH Involves psychopharmacology. We’ll examine psychopharmaceutical drugs

  31. ANTIANXIETY DRUGS (ANXIOLYTICS) • Drugs that reduce symptoms related to anxiety (tension, fear, apprehension, and nervousness) • Benzodiazepines are tranquilizing drugs; increase effects of GABA • SSRIs can also be used

  32. ANTIDEPRESSANTS • Elevate mood by affecting neurotransmitter like serotonin • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)---Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lexapro • Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors---Cymbalta, Effexor • Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors---Wellbutrin

  33. MOOD STABILIZERS • Used for Bipolar disorders • Reduce dramatic mood swings • Lithium

  34. STIMULANTS • Stimulate the central nervous system • Most commonly used for ADHD • Ritalin, Adderall, Dexedrine • Stop the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine to stimulate the brain

  35. ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS • Used to reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia, sometimes Bipolar • Haldol, Thorazine • Atypical antipsychotic drugs are the second generation drugs • Abilify is an example

  36. ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT) • Administration of a short-duration electric current btwn the temples that causes a seizure • Only used in the most serious cases of depression

  37. PSYCHOSURGERY • Intentional destruction of part of the brain • Only used in severe cases of depression and OCD • Lobotomy was early example • Today, we use bilateral anterior cingulotomy

  38. DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION • A wire is implanted in area of the brain associated w/depression • Supplies a slight electrical current to stimulate neuronal growth

  39. REPETITIVE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION (rTMS) • Electromagnetic pulse to a specific area of the brain • Causes neuronal growth to reduce symptoms of depression

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