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Behavioral Perspective: Classical and Operant Conditioning

Explore the key characteristics of the behavioral perspective, including the concepts of classical and operant conditioning. Learn how behavior is shaped through reinforcement and punishment.

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Behavioral Perspective: Classical and Operant Conditioning

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  1. Learning Chapter 8

  2. Do now… • What are some key characteristics of the behavioral perspective?

  3. Behaviorism • Popular 1920s – 1960s • Rose to prominence after WWI due to decreasing popularity of Freud’s theories • John B. Watson • viewed psychology as objective, quantitative science of observable behavior

  4. Learning • Learning • relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience • experience (nurture) is the key to learning

  5. Classical vs. Operant • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning

  6. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning • Ivan Pavlov • 1849-1936 • Russian physician/ neurophysiologist • Nobel Prize in 1904 • studied digestive secretions

  7. Two related events: Stimulus 1 Lightning Stimulus 2 Thunder Result after repetition Stimulus We see lightning Response We wince anticipating thunder Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning • We learn to associate two stimuli

  8. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • effective stimulus that unconditionally-automatically and naturally- triggers a response • Unconditioned Response(UCR) • unlearned, naturally occurring automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus • salivation when food is in the mouth

  9. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response • Conditioned Response (CR) • learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

  10. Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) No salivation During Conditioning After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) CS (tone) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) CR (salivation)

  11. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning • Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

  12. Conditioning • Acquisition • the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened • Extinction • diminishing of a CR • in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS

  13. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning • Spontaneous Recovery • reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR • Generalization • tendency for a stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses

  14. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning • Discrimination • in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal and UCS

  15. Little Albert • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE

  16. Watson and Rayner’s classical conditioning of “Little Albert” was helpful in explaining that • Some conditioned stimuli do not generalize • Human emotions such as fear are subject to classical conditioning • Drug dependency is subject to classical as well as operant conditioning • Small children are not as easily conditioned as older children

  17. Once Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning fork was a(n) • Unconditioned stimulus • Neutral stimulus • Conditioned stimulus • Conditioned response

  18. Check for Understanding • An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering a puff of air to your eye. • After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone. • What is • The UCS? • The puff of air • The UCR? • The blink in response to the air puff • The CS? • The tone • The CR? • The blink in response to the tone 1:00 0:59 0:58 0:57 0:56 0:55 0:54 0:53 0:52 0:51 0:50 0:49 0:48 End 0:47 0:45 0:44 0:43 0:42 0:41 0:40 0:39 0:38 0:37 0:36 0:35 0:34 0:33 0:32 0:31 0:30 0:29 0:28 0:27 0:26 0:25 0:24 0:23 0:22 0:21 0:20 0:19 0:18 0:17 0:16 0:46 0:15 0:13 0:12 0:11 0:10 0:09 0:08 0:07 0:06 0:05 0:04 0:03 0:02 0:01 0:14 1:00

  19. DO NOW… • What is the law of effect? • Provide an example from your life experiences.

  20. DO NOW… • Differentiate between classical and operant conditioning.

  21. Operant Conditioning • Operant Conditioning • type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment • Law of Effect • Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

  22. Operant Conditioning • Operant Behavior • complex or voluntary behaviors • push button, perform complex task • operates (acts) on environment • produces consequences • Respondent Behavior • occurs as an automatic response to stimulus • behavior learned through classical conditioning

  23. Operant Conditioning • B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) • elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect • developed behavioral technology • Skinner Box • soundproof chamber with a bar or key that an animal presses or pecks to release a food or water reward • contains a device to record responses

  24. Operant Conditioning • Reinforcer • any event that strengthens the behavior it follows • Positive Reinforcement • Negative Reinforcement • Shaping • conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

  25. Which of the following best reflects negative reinforcement? • Teresa is scolded when she runs through the house yelling • Lina is not allowed to watch tv until after she has finished her homework • Greg changes his math class so he doesn’t have to see his old girlfriend • Aditya is praised for having the best essay in the class

  26. Do now… • Differentiate between negative reinforcement and punishment.

  27. Types of Reinforcers • Primary Reinforcer • innately reinforcing stimulus • satisfies a biological need • Secondary Reinforcer • conditioned reinforcer • learned through association with primary reinforcer

  28. Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous Reinforcement • learning occurs rapidly • extinction occurs rapidly • Partial Reinforcement • reinforcing a response only part of the time • results in slower acquisition • greater resistance to extinction

  29. Schedules of Reinforcement • Fixed Ratio (FR) • reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses • Example: • Variable Ratio (VR) • reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses • Example: like gambling, fishing • Both number of times

  30. Schedules of Reinforcement • Fixed Interval (FI) • reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed • Example: • Variable Interval (VI) • reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals • produces slow steady responding • like pop quiz • Both focused on time

  31. Number of responses Fixed Ratio 1000 Variable Ratio Fixed Interval 750 Rapid responding near time for reinforcement 500 Variable Interval 250 Steady responding 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Time (minutes) Schedules of Reinforcement

  32. Punishment • Punishment • aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows • Problems with punishment:

  33. Shaping is • A pattern of responses that must be made before classical conditioning is completed • Rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal behavior • Completing a set of behaviors in succession before a reward is given • Giving you chocolate pudding to increase the likelihood you will eat more carrots

  34. Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in a vending machine to get grapes. The tokens acted as • Primary reinforcers • Classical conditioning • Secondary reinforcers • Negative reinforcers

  35. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG2SwE_6uVM

  36. DO NOW… • Provide an example of positive reinforcement at school.

  37. Applications of Behaviorism • School • Work • Home

  38. Observational Learning • Observational Learning • learning by observing and imitating others • Discovery of mirror neurons • Modeling • process of observing and imitating behavior • Prosocial Behavior • positive, constructive, helpful behavior • opposite of antisocial behavior

  39. Social Learning Theory • Albert Bandura (Neobehaviorist b/c he uses unobservable processes in explanations) • Bobo doll experiment • Modeling

  40. Behaviorism was disproved: • Biological predispositions interfere: • Garcia and Koelling • Brelands

  41. Behaviorism was disproved: • Cognitive Interference: • Tolman • Overjustification

  42. Behavioral Therapies • Behavior Modification (Therapy) – applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors. • Counter conditioning (Classic) techniques – pairs the trigger stimulus with a new response. • Systematic Desensitization • Mary Cover Jones • Exposure therapy – can use imagination or reality to face a feared situation • Aversive Conditioning – pairs associations with unpleasant feelings and the unwanted behavior. • Examples • Operant Conditioning • Token Economy – rewards for desired behaviors

  43. Evaluation of Behaviorism • Overall positives • Many useful practical applications • Empirical Perspective • Overall negatives • Too deterministic • Largely based on work with animals • Use of behaviorists principles to control others is unethical

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