Biology Notes Biochemistry Part 4 Pages 44-48, 970-977

1. Biology NotesBiochemistryPart 4Pages 44-48, 970-977

2. Standard 1.8Compare and contrast carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, including their elements and functions 1.9 Discuss the roles of organic molecules in digestion and metabolism

3. Essential Questions 1. Are all carbohydrates, fats, and proteins created equal? 2. Why is an organic molecule important? 3. How do we get essential elements into our bodies to make organic molecules?

4. I. Nutrients of Life Nutrient = substances in _______ that supply the ________ and raw materials our bodies use for growth, repair, and maintenance • Nutrients can be broken down into 2 large categories: __________ compounds and __________ compounds food energy organic inorganic

5. carbon • Organic compounds = compounds that contain the element __________ • Carbon is the backbone of ______ because it has the ability to make __________ of compounds. Unlike many elements, carbon is special because: • carbon can bond to ____ different atoms • carbon can bond to ________ and form long chains & ________ life millions 4 itself rings

6. bonds c. carbon can form single, double, or triple _______ with other atoms • these bonds will be ___________ covalent

7. carbohydrates • Overall, there are five groups of organic molecules found in food that we need to survive: _______________, _____________, ____________, and ____________ • _________ acids are another group of organic compounds that our bodies build using the elements found in _______ lipids / fats proteins vitamins Nucleic food

8. macromolecules • Some of the organic compounds necessary for life are also _______________ or polymers • macromolecule / polymer = giant __________ • these large molecules are made from simpler compounds called ____________ • monomer = small building block _____________ i.e. molecule monomers molecules CO2 , CH4 , C6H12O6

9. carbon • Inorganic Compounds = compounds that do not contain ___________ • Inorganic molecules are usually smaller and more _________ • The groups of inorganic molecules that are necessary to life include: ________, _______, and ___________ simple water salts minerals

10. II. Structure of Organic Molecules • Carbohydrates = compounds made up of ___, ___, and ___ in a ratio of 1:2:1 • This means for every ___ carbon atom there are ___ hydrogen atoms and ____ oxygen atom i.e. C H O 1 2 1 C6H12O6 , C11H22O11

11. Monomers of Carbohydrates: • monosaccharides = simple sugar molecules that contain ____ carbon atoms • glucose - _____________ • fructose - _____________ • galactose - ____________ 3-6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6

12. chemical formula • isomers = compounds that have the same _________ formula but differ in structural ___________

13. 2 • disaccharides = sugars made of ___ covalently bonded monosaccharides • lactose = glucose + __________ / found in _______ • maltose = _________ + glucose / found in ________ • sucrose = glucose + _________ / common table _______ galactose milk glucose beer fructose sugar

14. polymers • Polymers of Carbohydrates: • polysaccharides = giant ___________ of carbohydrates that consist of thousands of covalently _________ monosaccharides and disaccharides • glycogen – found in ________ • starch – found in foods such as ______, potatoes, and _______ bonded animals rice bread

15. fibrous whole wheat bran • cellulose – polymer found in _________ foods such as ______________ and ______

16. Monomer to Polymer

17. C H O • Lipids / Fats = compounds that contain ___, ___, and a very small amount of ___ • Lipids / fats are the only group of organic molecules in which there are no __________ or polymers • Instead, lipids / fats consist of one _________ molecule covalently bonded to many _______ acid molecules monomers glycerol fatty

19. There are, however, different types of lipids/ fats: • saturated fats = fats that contain the maximum number of ____________ bonds in their fatty _______ chains • usually solids at room temperature like ________ and __________ hydrogen acid grease butter / lard

20. bond • unsaturated fats = fats that contain at least one double ________ between carbon atoms and have a lower number of _____________ bonds in their fatty _______ chains • usually liquids at room temperature like _____________ and _____________ hydrogen acid peanut oil canola oil

21. fats • steroids = a specific group of complex ____ that contain many fatty acids • cholesterol is a type of steroid found in __________ cells • some ___________ are types of steroids animals hormones

22. C H O N P • Nucleic Acids = macromolecules / polymers which are made of ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ i.e. • Remember, this is the only group of organic molecules the body has to _______ from food DNA , RNA build

24. Monomers of Nucleic Acids: • nucleotide = small compounds that consist of a ____________ group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous _______ • there are only 5 types of nucleotides: _________, thymine, cytosine, _________, and __________ phosphate base adenine guanine uracil

26. C H O N • Proteins = macromolecules / polymers composed of ___, ___, ___, and ___ • animal proteins are found in foods like _______ and ______ • plant proteins are found in foods like ______ and __________ beef fish beans spinach

27. Monomers of Proteins: • amino acids = small compounds consisting of an amino group (____), a carboxyl group (_______), and individual ___ groups _____________ bonded together to make _________ -NH2 -COOH R covalently proteins

29. amino carboxyl • peptide bond = the special bond that exists between the ________ group and the __________ group in a protein • There are over _____ different types of amino acids because the ___ groups differ 20 R

31. III. Functions of Nutrients & Nucleic Acids • Carbohydrates • The main function of carbohydrates is to provide ________ to the body • Excess carbohydrates in the body can be stored in the form of ____________ by the liver and skeletal muscle to be used at a later time energy glycogen

32. cellulose bran / wheat • although the body cannot digest ____________ found in fibrous food like _______________, it is still important because it helps keep you “_________” regular

33. Lipids / Fats • The main function of lipids / fats is to provide the body with materials for building ___________ barriers in the body like _____ membranes around cells • Lipids / fats also function to ________ the body and protect our ________ organs • the body takes all excess _______ not being used and chemically converts it to _____ which is stored on the body waterproof cell insulate internal food fat

34. vitamins • Lipids / fats also help dissolve _________ which can then be absorbed by the body • An excess of fats is dangerous to health • it is recommended to eat very little __________ fats because the large amount of hydrogen bonds can cause problems in the body i.e. saturated risk of heart disease / higher cholesterol

35. Nucleic Acids • The main function of nucleic acids is to store and transmit ___________ or genetic information hereditary

36. Proteins • Proteins are probably the most important group of nutrients for the body because they have a wide range of ___________. These functions include: • movement and formation of _______ and muscles i.e. functions bones collagen / actin & myosin

38. chemical enzymes • controlling the rates of _________ reactions i.e. • transporting substances in and out of cells i.e. hemoglobin

39. disease antibodies • fighting off _________ i.e. • regulation and _____________ i.e. homeostasis insulin

40. inorganic survival F.Minerals = a group of __________ elements and compounds the body needs in small doses for ________ i.e. • Minerals cannot be _________ by the human body but still need to be replaced because they can be lost through _______, _______, and _______ see page 975 digested blood sweat urine

42. organic responses • Vitamins = a group of _________ compounds the body mainly uses to regulate body ___________ • Vitamins often work with _________, a subgroup of proteins, to start and stop all the processes that take place in the body i.e. • Vitamins can either be ____ soluble or ______ soluble enzymes see page 974 fat water